Avian infections

Viral infections of respiratory tract

 Newcastel disease virus

 Avian influenza

 Avian infectious bronchitis virus

 Avian laryngotracheitis disease virus

 Adenoviruses
Avian infectious bronchitis virus

 Many strains (differ in antigenic properties and

virulence) - mutations and recombination
 Affects young animals from 3 weeks
 Maternal antibodies control infection for 3 weeks
 Suffocation, cough, sternutation, urate plug, drop
of lay, clinical signs last for 10 – 14 days
Avian infectious bronchitis virus
 Horizontal spread
 Rapid spread – high concentration of animals
 Vertical transmission – not demonstrated
 Virus replicates in epithelial a subepithelial cells
of repiratory tract and kidney (nefropathogenic
strains)
 Virus persistence and long term shedding
 Avian infectious bronchitis virus -
diagnostics
 Tracheal swabs – till 14 days in chicken, 7-10
days in older, 2-3 weeks in nefropat. strains
 Virus isolation in acute phase of the disease
– CAM (2-3 passages)
– tracheal explantates (ciliostasis in 2-3 days

 Variant strains and Ag mutants – sentinel SPF

animals
 Avian infectious
laryngotracheitis virus
 Acute disease of chicken, pheasants (3-9 month)
 Respiration problems, bloody mucous secretion
 Conjunctivitis - panophtalmitis
 Mild - peracute disease
 Antigenic uniformity, strains differ in virulence
 Impact of environment (iritation of resp.tract, low
temperature, concurrent infections)
 Avian infectious
laryngotracheitis virus

 Virus latency – in infected and vaccinated

animals
 Rezidual pathogenicity of vaccine strains
 Cell immunity – non-transmissible to the
newborns
 Avian infectious
laryngotracheitis virus
Samples: 4-6 living animals
trachea, larynx - chilled, not frozen

Diagnostics
 I.N. inklusions - trachea
 IF test – trachea
 Izolation on EE (CAM), IFA identification
 Differentiation of vaccine and field strains by REA
 Newcastel disease virus
 Different pathotypes of the virus
– Velogenic (viscerotropic and neurotropic)
– Mezogenic
– Lentogenic
 Serologically unique
 Respiratory signs in velogenic and mezogenic
strains
 Newcastel disease virus
 Velogenic strains – respiratory signs (edema of
the neck, head), diarhea, neurological signs,
bleeding, almost 100% mortality
 Newcastel disease virus
Diagnostics

 Izolation: embryonated eggs

 Detection: hemagglutination, PCR

 Samples: lungs, spleen, brain, trachea.

 Indirect detection: hemagglutination inhibition

test (HIT) a virus neutralizing test (VNT)
 THE RESPIRATORY TRACT
Rhinitis, sinusitis, tracheitis
Mycoplasma gallisepticum
(CHRD) enrofloxacin p.o. Live vac..-aerosol.
lincomycin p.o.
tilmicosin p.o.
H. paragallinarum amoxicilin p.o.
(hemofilová rýma)

pneumonia
Mycoplasma synoviae linkomycin p.o.
tilmikosin p.o.

Pasteurella multocida amoxicilin p.o. inakt. vak. s.c.

(fowl cholera)

Bordetella avium amoxicilin p.o.

(rhinotracheitis, bordetelosis)
 THE RESPIRATORY TRACT

rhinotracheitis ,pneumonia, pleuritis, airsaculitis

O. rhinotracheale amoxicillin p.o. inakt. vak. s.c.

(ornithobacteriosis) doxycyclin p.o.

airsacculitis

E. coli flumequin p.o.

M. synoviae
Mycoplasma meleagridis* lincomycin p.o.
(aerosacculitis in turkey) tilmicosin p.o.

Mycotic infections
A. flavus, A. fumigatus
(aspergilosis)
 THE RESPIRATORY TRACT
Mycotic infections (aspergilosis)
Brooder pneumonia in newly-hatches chickens in incubators
Neumonia and airsacculitis – up to 6 weeks of age
A. flavus, A. fumigatus
 Infection of GIT

 Newcastel disease virus choroba

 Avian influenza
 Avian influenza
 Different clinical course – inaparentní … drop of
lay… …high mortality

 Virulence doesn´t depend on H and N antigens

 Edema of the crest, visceral hemorhagies, green

diarhea, urate deposits in kidney, yolk peritonitis
 Avian influenza - diagnostics
 Izolatio on EE
 HA test

 Antibody detection by HIT

 Differentiation of Newcastel disease virus
 THE ALIMENTARY TRACT
Enteritis
Clostridium perfringens typ A, C
Clostridium colinum amoxicillin p.o.
(necrotic enteritis)

Salmonella Pullorum flumequin p.o.

(fowl typhoid) enrofloxacin p.o.

Salmonella Gallinarum flumequin p.o. live vac.. i.m.

(fowl typhoid) enrofloxacin p.o.
 THE ALIMENTARY TRACT
Salmonella. spp.-S. Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium
(paratyphoid infection) enrofloxacin p.o. live-/inact.vac. s.c.
flumechin p.o.

Salmonella Arizonae enrofloxacin p.o.

(arizonosis in turkey) flumequin p.o.

Campylobacter jejuni ´ erythromycin p.o.

(kampylobacteriosis)

E.coli encofloxacin
(coligranulomatosis)

Y. eneterocolitica
 THE ALIMENTARY TRACT

peritonitis

E. coli flumequin p.o.

Pasteurella multocida amoxicillin p.o. inact. vac. s.c.,i.m.
enro/difloxacin p.o.
flumequin p.o.

Mycobacterium avium/subsp. avium NO TREATMENT

 LIVER

hepatitis
E.coli flumechin p.o. subunit. vac. s.c.
Salmonella spp. enrofloxacin p.o.
(S.Gallinarum, S.Pullorum)
P. multocida amoxicillin p.o.

Campylobacter jejuni
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae amoxicillin p.o.
Y. pseudotuberculosis
Perihepatitis
M. gallisepticum
 Infection of CNS
 Avian encephalomyelitis
 Newcastel disease virus
 Avian encephalomyelitis virus
 Primary replication in the gut
 Serologic uniformity, strains differ in virulence
 Clinical signs up to 6 weeks after birth
 Ataxy, paralysis and tremor
 Zákal čočky, iridocyklitis
 Drop of lay, transovaral spread
 Changes in CNS only, not in meninges or
peripheral nerves
 Avian encephalomyelitis virus
 Clinical signs
 Anamnesis – no vaccination
 Limited pathologic changes

 IFA detection in the brain

 Isolation in yolk sac of EE (IFA confirmation)

 Serology
– VN test non EE – monitoring of vaccination
– ELISA
– ID test
 THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Mycoplasma spp. tilmicosin p.o.
M.gallisepcticum
M.meleagridis (turkey)
salpingitis
E. coli, flumequin p.o.
Salmonella spp.
egg yolk saculitis and sepsis

E. coli flumecquin p.o.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa enro/difloxacin p.o.
Staphylococcus aureus amoxicillin p.o.
Clostridium perfringens amoxicillin p.o.
Enterococcus spp., amoxicilin p.o.
Enterococcus faecalis
 THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM

Artritis, sinovitis, tendosynovitis

Staphylococcus aureus amoxicillin p.o.
E. coli flumequin p.o.
Mycoplasma synoviae tilmicosin p.o.
(infekční synovitida kuřatrůt) lincomycin p.o.
Pasteurella multocida potenc.sulfonamides p.o.
(cholera drůbeže) flumequin p.o.

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae amoxicillin p.o.

benzylpenicillin i.m.
osteomyelitis
E.coli enrofloxacin p.o.
Staphylococcus aureus lincomycin p.o.
tylosin p.o.
Infection of the lymphatic tissue

 Infectiousbursitis virus
 Avian leukosis

 Marek´s disease virus

 Chicken anemia virus

 Infectious bursitis virus
 2 serotypes (chicken -1, duck-typ 2)
 6 antigenic subtypes in the type 1, variant strains
 Virus is very stable (up to 4 month)
 Highly contagious disease
 Incubation period 1-3 days
 Clinical signs during 24 h. in 100% of animals
 Susceptible animals 3 – 12 weeks
 Infectious bursitis virus
 Virus replication in lymphocytes
 Longlasting immunosupression (humoral,
cell-mediated)
 100% morbidity, up to 20% mortality
 Edema of bursa Fabricii, hemorrhagies in
muscles,
 Atrophy of bursa
 Infectious bursitis virus
Diagnostics

 Isolation on CAM (death of embryo in 3-5 days)

 Virus isolation on TC (confirmation by IF)
 Antigen capture ELISA
 Infectious bursitis virus
Serology – ELISA

 Monitoring of antibodies in the flock

 Serological profile – estimation of maternal
immunity, vaccine schedulind
 Infectious bursitis virus
VN test

 Detection of antigennic variants (ELISA is type

specific)
 Avian leukosis virus
 ALV – neoplastic disease of chicken
 Groups ABCD (E endogenous), FG pheasants

 Reticuloendotheliosis (REV) in turkey, quails,

ducks,
 in chicken serological detection only
 Avian leukosis
 Ubiquitous spread
 Low clinical incidence
 Vertical spread
 Horizontal spread
 Incubation period –more than 14 weeks

 Lymphoma of B cells in bursa Fabricii, metastasis

in liver and spleen
 Clinical signs – nonspecific
 Avian leukosis
Diagnostics

 Detection of LL nodules in BF (from 16 weeks) is

pathognomic

 IF detection of IgM Ag and B-cell markers

 Avian leukosis
Dg. tests
 COFAL test
gs antigens
 ELISA-ALV

 Biological assay
 Marek´s disease virus
Lymphoproliferative disease in chickens

 Serotype 1 patogenic and oncogenic strains

 Serotype 2 avirulent and nononcogenic strains

 Serotype 3 avirulent, in turkey only (vaccine

strains)
 Marek´s disease virus
 Clinical signs from 6 – 16 weeks
 Majority of neoplastic changes in broilers
 Mononuclear (lymphoblasts) infiltration in
peripheral nerves and other organs
 Lymphomas in gonads, hearth, lungs, seldom in
BF, skin, muscles
 Ataxy, paralysis, macroscopic thickening of
peripheral nerves
 Marek´s disease virus
 Neurolymphomatosis – klasical MD, loss of
coordination, asymetric paresis and paralysis

 Acute MD – expanzive burst in the flock,

depression, ataxy, paralysis in some animals.
Significant mortality without neurolog. changes

 Lymphomatosis of the eye – lymphoblastoid

infiltration of pupil, blindness

 Skin form – round, nodular lesions in feather

folicles
 Marek´s disease virus
 K inf. dochází respiratorní cestou, brzy následuje
lytická infekce B buněk ve slezině a thymu
 Následující zánětlivé změny vedou k infiltraci
monocyty, makrofágy, granulocyty a lymfocyty
 Klidové T buňky jsou rezistentní k infekci, u
aktivovaných dochází k lytické infekci –
imunosuprese nebo transformaci – tumory

 K produktivní infekci dochází pouze v buňkách

péřových folikulů!
 Místem latence jsou T lymfocyty
 Marek´s disease virus
Diagnostics
The detection of the virus or antibodies is
not significant

 MATSA antigens
 Chicken anemia virus
 Disease of chickens in 2-3 weeks
– Transovarial infection
– Horizontal spread after birth
 Aplazia of bone marrow (erys., tromb.,
granulocyty)
 Thymus atrophy (patognomic)
 Anorexia, fever, pallor
 Chicken anemia virus
 Clinical signs
 Biological assay (i.p. aplication)
 Cell line MDCC-MSB1 (then IFA)
 PCR
 SYSTEMIC INFECTIONS.

 Colisepsis
– E.coli
 Fowl typhoid
– S. Gallinarum
 Septicemia
– P.multocida (fowl cholera)
– S.aureus
– S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus
– E.rhusiopathie
 Mycoses
 Generalized aspergilosis
– A. flavus, A.fumigatus
 THE EYE
 Conjunctivitis
– M. gallisepticum