ELECTRICAL PROPERTY IN

MATERIALS

PRESENTED BY: IRFAN AHMED

 PRESENTATION GOAL

 To study the Electrical Properties of Materials, Working Principle &

Applications.
 The presentation covers the following Topics:

Piezoelectricity (Pressure Electricity)

Pyro electricity (Fire Electricity)
Ferro electricity (Iron Electricity)
 A HIERARCHICAL OVERLOOK
Dielectrics Don’t posses
inversion
center

Centro-Symmetric (Non-Centro Symmetric)

Piezoelectrics

Non-pyroelectrics Pyroelectrics

Non-Ferroelectrics Ferroelectrics
 CENTER OF SYMMETRY
 A center of symmetry in a unit cell is an imaginary
center point.
Center of
y Center of Symmetry
Symmetry

 Each atom of such a cell has an exact twin opposite on a

line through the center point.
 DO YOU KNOW?

 ALL FERROELECTRIC MATERIALS ARE PIEZOELECTRIC,

BUT ALL PIEZOELECTRIC MATERIALS ARE NOT

FERROELECTRIC

PIEZOELECTRIC PYROELECTRIC FERROELECTRIC

 THE HISTORY OF PIEZO

 The name Piezo originates from the Greek

word PIEZEIN, which means to squeeze or
press.

 The piezoelectric effect was first proven in 1880 by

the brothers Pierre and Paul-Jacques Curie.

 The Piezoelectricity is generally the electricity

from pressure.

– Quartz (Silicon Dioxide)

– Rochelle salt (Potassium Sodium Tartrate)
– Tourmaline (Aluminum Boron Silicate)
– Barium Titanate
– PZT Ceramic, and many others.
 WHAT IS PIEZOELECTRIC EFFECT?

 Piezoelectric Material is one that

possesses the property of converting
mechanical energy into electrical energy
and vice versa. (Transducer)

 Normally, the charges in the Piezoelectric crystals are exactly

balanced even if they are not symmetrically arranged.
 The effect of charges exactly cancel out, leaving no net charge on
crystal faces.
 If you squeeze the crystal you force the charges out of balance.
 Now the effects of the charges (their dipole moments) no longer
cancel one another out and net positive & negative charges
appear on opposite crystal faces.
 By squeezing the crystal you have produced a voltage across its
opposite faces and that’s Piezoelectricity.
 DIRECT PIEZOELECTRIC EFFECT
 Piezoelectric Material will
generate electric potential when
subjected to some kind of
mechanical stress.

 The direct Effect : Strain Sensor,

microphones, gas lighters,
ultrasonic detectors
 INVERSE PIEZOELECTRIC EFFECT

 If the piezoelectric material is exposed to an electric field

(voltage) it consequently lengthens or shortens proportional to
the voltage.
 e.g. Crystal Oscillators, crystal Speakers, record player Pic ups,
actuators etc.
 FOR INFORMATION
 The necessary condition for the piezoelectric effect is the absence of a
center of symmetry in the crystal structure.

 If Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT), a Piezoceramic, is placed between

two electrodes and a pressure causing a reduction of only 1/20th of one
millimeter is applied, a 100,000-volt potential is produced.
 The basic equations of Piezoelectricity are:
P = D x Stress and E = Strain/D
Where,
P = Polarization,
E = electric field generated and
D = Piezoelectric coefficient in meters per volt.
 PIEZOELECTRIC CRYSTALS & CERAMICS

 Naturally Occurring Crystals: Berlinite (ALPO4), Cane Sugar,

Quartz, Rochelle Salt, Topaz, Tourmaline Group Minerals, Dry
Bone (Apatite)

 Man Made Crystals: Galium Orthophosphate (GaPO4) ,

Langasite (La3Ga5SiO14)

 Man Made Ceramics: Barium Titane (BaTiO3), Lead Titanate

(PbTiO3), Lead Zirconate Titanate (Pb[ZrxTi1-x]O3 0<x<1
(PZT) Potassium niobate (KNbO3), Lithium Niobate (LiNbO3)
 APPLICATIONS

Sensors:
Microphones, Pick-ups
Pressure Sensors
Force Sensor
Strain Gauge
Actuators:
Loud Speakers
Piezoelectric Motors
Nano positioning AFM or STM
Valves
High Voltage & Power Source:
Cigarate Lighters or Industrial Igniters
Energy Harvesting
AC Voltage Multipliers
APPLICATIONS

Charging pads under the cross walk

collect energy from the vibrations.
Piezoelectric charging panels channel
energy to Lithium Ion Batteries
( Which can be used further)
 PYROELECTRICITY

 A special class of material which is subset

of Piezoelectric Material.

 Just as squeezing or stretching the crystal,

thermal expansion typically expands or
contracts the dipole.

 Pyroelectric materials have spontaneous

polarization whose amplitude changes
under the influence of temperature.

 This causes a charge to appear on crystal

faces near the ends of the dipoles.
 PYROELECTRIC DETECTORS
 PIR (Passive Infra Red) sensors allow you to sense motion, almost
always used to detect whether a human has moved in or out of
the sensors range.
 FERROELECTRICS
 All Ferroelectric materials exhibit Piezoelectric effect because
lack of symmetry.

 Special Class of Piezoelectric Material exhibit certain other

characteristics also.

 Exhibit spontaneous polarization i.e. polarization in the

absence of an electric field.

E=0 E=M
 FERROELECTRICS
 Ferroelectrics are the electric analogy of the ferromagnetism,
which may display permanent magnetic behavior.

 Valasek discovered the first ferroelectric material, namely

Rochelle salt.

 In ferroelectrics, the polarization can be changed and even

reversed by an external electric field.
 CURIE TEMPERATURE

 Most ferroelectric crystals lose their dipole

arrangement and become non- polar (Para
electric) if they are heated.

 The temperature at which they lose their polar

nature and acquire instead a center of symmetry
and linear capacitance is called the Curie
temperature.
CURIE TEMPERATURE
 DIELECTRIC CONSTANT
 For most ferroelectrics, the dielectric constant becomes very
high at this temperature, as much as 10,000 to 20,000.

 The dielectric constant is frequently rather high, too,

typically several hundred, at temperatures in the
ferroelectric range.
 APPLICATIONS OF FERROELECTRICS
 Non-Volatile RAMs (memory)

 Tunable Microwave Devices

 Pyroelectric Detectors/Sensors

 Optical Waveguides

 Thin Film Capacitors

DISCUSSION