1 transmitter section:

Transmitter: It may be power amplifier, like klystron, travelling wave tube or

transistor amplifier. It might also be power oscillator such as magnetron. The
magnetron has been widely used for pulse radars, but amplifier preferred when
high average power is necessary.

Waveform generator: the radar signal is produced at low power by a waveform

generator, which is then input to power amplifier

Pulse modulator: A modulator turns the transmitter on and off in synchronism

with the input pulses, when a power oscillator is used it is also turned on and off
by a pulse modulator to generate a pulse waveform

Duplexer : The output of the transmitter is delivered to the antenna by a

waveguide or other form of transmission line, where it is radiated into space.
Solid state ferrite circulators and receiver protector devices usually solid state
diodes, can also be part of the duplexer. The duplexer allows a single antenna to
be used on a time shared basis for both transmitting and receiving. The duplexer
is generally a gaseous device that produces a short circuit at the input to the
receiver when transmitter is operating so that high power flows to the antenna
and not to the receiver. On reception, the duplexer directs the echo signal to the
receiver and not to transmitter.
Receiver Section:
Low noise RF amplifier: the receiver is almost always a superheterodyne. The input or
RF stage be a low noise amplifier which produces the RF pulse proportional to the
transmitted signal.

Mixer and local Oscillator : the mixer and local oscillator convert the RF signal to the
intermediate frequency (IF). Sometimes the low noise input stage is omitted and the
mixer becomes the first stage of receiver. A receiver with a mixer as the input stage will
be less sensitive because of mixer higher noise figure.

IF Amplifier : it amplifies the IF Pulse. IF amplifier is designed as a matched filter which

maximizes the output peak signal to mean noise ratio. The matched filter maximizes the
detectability of weak echo signals and attenuates unwanted signals.

Second Amplifier: The IF amplifier followed by a crystal diode which is called the second
detector or demodulator. Its purpose is to assist in extracting the signal modulation from
the carrier.

Video Amplifier: Video amplifier is designed to provide the sufficient amplification or

gain, to raise the level of the input signal to a magnitude where it can be seen on a
display, such as a cathode ray tube or be the input to a digital computer for further
processing.
Threshold decision: At the output of the receiver , a decision is made whether or not a
target is present. The decision is based on the magnitude of the receiver output. If the
output is large enough to exceed a predetermined threshold, the decision is the target
is present. If it does not cross the threshold, only noise is assumed to be present. The
threshold level is set so that the rate at which false alarms occur due to noise crossing
the threshold is below some specified, tolerable value.
Matched Filter for Nonwhite Noise:
Derivation of the matched filter characteristic it was assumed that the spectrum
of input noise accompanying the signal was white i.e. it was independent of
frequency. But when this assumption does not hold and noise is represented by
nonwhite power spectrum [Ni(f)]2 , the frequency response function which
maximizes the peak-signal-to mean noise power is given by