REVIEW

 Demands and supports fed in the political

system.
 Includes institutions other than those of the
government that are involved in governing or
the exercise of continuous sovereign authority.
REVIEW
 A term used to describe the formal
institutions through which a group of people
is ruled or governed.
 Decisions and policies that result out of the
political system.
 REVIEW
 It refers to the web of formal or informal
institutions, rules, norms, and expectations which
govern behavior in societies.
 Serve as means to communicate to the political
system the response of the people to the
decisions and policy outputs of the government.
 REVIEW

 This happens when too much demands and

supports enter the political system.
 Anything that people would ask or want the
government to provide or respond to.
• POLITICS AS “WHO GETS WHAT, WHEN
& HOW”
• POWER & THE THREE FACES OF POWER
• HOW POLITICS CAN BE STUDIED
POLITICS AS “WHO GETS WHAT, WHEN & HOW”
POLITICS AS “WHO GETS WHAT, WHEN & HOW”

 WHO  INFLUENTIAL, ELITE

 WHAT  VALUES, POWER
 WHEN  TIMING IS RIGHT
 HOW  ANY MEANS
POLITICS AS “WHO GETS WHAT, WHEN & HOW”

 WHO
 WHAT
 WHEN
 HOW
POLITICS AS “WHO GETS WHAT, WHEN & HOW”
POLITICS AS “WHO GETS WHAT, WHEN & HOW”
POLITICS AS “WHO GETS WHAT, WHEN & HOW”
POLITICS AS “WHO GETS WHAT, WHEN & HOW”
POLITICS AS “WHO GETS WHAT, WHEN & HOW”

POLITICS FUNCTIONS LIKE A BATTLEFIELD

OR BATTLEGROUND WHERE POLITICAL
ACTORS TRY TO SUBDUE EACH OTHER BY
ANY MEANS TO GET WHAT THEY WANT
OR THE MOST OF WHAT THEY CAN GET,
EITHER FOR PUBLIC GOOD OR PRIVATE
GAIN.
POLITICS AS “WHO GETS WHAT, WHEN & HOW”

THIS DYNAMICS OF POLITICS IS TEMPORAL

IN NATURE, THE ELITE CAN ONLY
EXERCISE ITS INFLUENCE ONLY UP TO A
POINT WHERE IT CAN DEFEND ITSELF
FROM ANY ATTEMPTS, ORGANIZED OR
NOT, THAT CONTEST & CHALLENGE THEM
& THEIR INFLUENCE.
POLITICS AS “WHO GETS WHAT, WHEN & HOW”

IN THE PHILIPPINES, THE PERVASIVENESS OF

POLITICAL DYNASTIES IN POLITICS HELPS
US TO UNDERSTAND HOW THE ELITE IN
SOCIETY CAN PERPETUATE ITS INFLUENCE
IN THE SOCIETY FOR AS LONG AS IT
WANTS.
POLITICS AS “WHO GETS WHAT, WHEN & HOW”

THE PRIMORDIAL CULTURAL IMPORTANCE OF

KINSHIP AFFILIATION IN THE PHILIPPINNE
SOCIETY & THE LACK OF A NATIONAL LAW
TO REGULATE THE EXISTENCE & IMPACT OF
POLITICAL DYNASTIES HELP EXPLAIN THE
PERPETUATION & RESILIENCE OF POLITICAL
DYNASTIES IN THE PHILIPPINES (MENDOZA,
199b)
FAMILY LOYALTIES & POLITICAL DYNASTIES RESULT
TO…

 NEPOTISM & FAVORITISM NORMS IN

GOVERNMENT (TIMBERMAN,1991)
 INDIVIDUAL CONSERVATISM IN
DECISION-MAKING WHERE THE EMPHASIS
IS PUT ON PRESERVING FAMILY WEALTH &
STATUS (GOLAY, 1960)
FAMILY LOYALTIES & POLITICAL DYNASTIES RESULT
TO…

 POLITICAL PATRONAGE THAT HINDERS

THE FORMATION OF REAL CLASS
CONSCIOUSNESS AMONG FILIPINOS &
CLASS OR INTEREST GROUP-FOCUSED
LEGISLATION (LADE, 1965)
POWER AND THE THREE FACES OF POWER
POWER

Power, in its broadest sense, is the ability to

achieve a desired outcome, sometimes seen as
the ‘power to’ do something. This includes
everything from the ability to keep oneself alive
to the ability of government to promote
economic growth.
POWER

Power is usually thought of as a relationship; that is,

as the ability to influence the behaviour of others in
a manner not of their choosing. This implies having
‘power over’ people. More narrowly, power may be
associated with the ability to punish or reward,
bringing it close to force or manipulation, in contrast
to ‘influence’.
THREE FACES POWER
 THREE FACES POWER

THE “FACES ONE- TWO- THREE-DIMEN

OF POWER” DIMEN DIMEN SIONAL
CONTRO SIONAL SIONAL VIEW
VERSY VIEW VIEW
CONCEPTION POWER AS POWER AS POWER AS DECISION-
OF POWER DECISION- DECISION- MAKING, AGENDA-
MAKING MAKING & SETTING &
AGENDA- PREFERENCE-SETTING
SETTING
DECISION-MAKING: THE 1ST FACE OF POWER

A has power over B to the extent that A

can “get B to do something that B would
not otherwise do”
-Dahl, 1957, 201 cited in Hay 2002, 172
DECISION-MAKING: THE 1ST FACE OF POWER

The implication of this view of power is that

“the most powerful actors in society are
those whose opinion holds sway in the
decision-making arena, whether a
parliament, cabinet, or diplomatic relation”
–Hay 2001, 173
DECISION-MAKING: THE 1ST FACE OF POWER

The powerful are able to get what they

want, that is, make others to comply with
what they want or prefer and consequently,
make others behave accordingly.
DECISION-MAKING: THE 1ST FACE OF POWER

In Three Faces of Power (1989), Keith

Boulding distinguished between the use of
force or intimidation (the stick), productive
exchanges involving mutual gain (the deal),
and the creation of obligations, loyalty and
commitment (the kiss).
AGENDA-SETTING:THE 2ND FACE OF POWER

A devotes his energies to creating or

reinforcing social & political values &
institutional practices that limit the scope of
the political process to public consideration
of only those issues which are
comparatively harmless to A.
AGENDA-SETTING:THE 2ND FACE OF POWER

To the extent that A succeeds in doing this,

B is prevented, for all practical purposed,
from bringing to the fore any issues which
might in their resolution be seriously
detrimental to A’s set of preferences”
–Bachrach & Baratz, 1970, 7 cited in Hay, 2002
AGENDA-SETTING:THE 2ND FACE OF POWER

For instance, private businesses may exert

power both by campaigning to defeat
proposed consumer-protection legislation
(first face), and by lobbying parties and
politicians to prevent the question of
consumer rights being publicly discussed
(second face).
PREFERENCE-SHAPING: THE 3RD FACE OF POWER

When A influences or shapes Bs very

preferences.
– Lukes 1974, 24 cited in Hay 2002
PREFERENCE-SHAPING: THE 3RD FACE OF POWER

The third face of power is the ability to

influence another by shaping what he
or she thinks, wants, or needs. This is
power expressed as ideological
indoctrination or psychological control
PREFERENCE-SHAPING: THE 3RD FACE OF POWER

is it not the supreme & most insidious use of power

to prevent people, to whatever degree, from having
grievances by shaping their perceptions, cognitions, &
preferences in such a way that they accept their role
in the existing order of things, either, because they
can see or imagine no alternative to it, or because
they see it as natural & unchangeable, or because
they value it as divinely ordained & beneficial?
HOW DO WE STUDY POLITICS?
POLITICAL SCIENCE

 a social science that centers on the systematic

study of political & governmental institutions.
principles, processes, & structures
analyze the nature of power, types of political
leadership & systems of government, & public
policy & its impact to society.
HOW DO WE STUDY POLITICS?

POLITICAL SCIENCE &

OTHER DISCIPLINES
 POLITICAL SCIENCE

HISTORY PSYCHOLOGY

ECONOMICS GEOGRAPHY

SOCIOLOGY ANTHROPOLOGY

LAW