AC

MOTORS
 WHAT IS AC
MOTOR?
• The motor that converts the
alternating current into mechanical
energy power by using an
electromagnetic phenomenon is
called ac motor.
 TYPES OF AC MOTORS
• Induction motor(Asynchronous
Motor)
• Synchronous motor
• Universal motor .
INDUCTION
MOTOR(ASYNCHRONOUS
MOTOR)
• The induction motor are also called asynchronous motor. The
induction motor can be designed as three-phase motor or single-
phase motor.
• The induction motor are built in such a way that a rotating magnetic
field is produced by stator windings. The windings of the rotor are cut
by this magnetic field and a torque is produced.
• The advantage of induction motor is that it does not require any
commutator.
• The another feature is that the induction motor is suited for constant
speed application.
PRINCIPLE OF INDUCTION
MOTOR
• Induction motor works on the principle of induction where electro
magnetic field is induced into the rotor when rotating magnetic field
of stator cuts the stationary rotor.
• Advantages of induction motor:
• Low cost
• Low maintenance cost
• Speed variation
• High starting torque
• Durability
THREE-PHASE INDUCTION
MOTOR
• Major parts of induction motor
• Stator
• Rotor
• The stator is the stationary part of the machine . It carries the
windings which are responsible for producing a rotating magnetic field.
The windings are placed in slots around the poles shoes.
• The rotor is the rotating part of the machine. It consists of an iron
core with longitudinal slots around its circumference in which copper
or aluminium bars are embedded . These bars are shorted on both
ends by shorts-circuits rings , thus current is able to flow through
the bars.
SINGLE-PHASE INDUCTION
MOTOR
• The usual voltage of 240v is called single phase voltage.
• The single phase motor has only one stator windings. These winding
generates a field, which merely pulsates , instead of rotating.
• When the rotor is stationary the expanding and collapsing stator field
induces currents in the rotor.
• These current generates a rotor field opposite in polarity to that of
the stator.
• The opposition of field exerts a turning force on the upper and lower
parts of the rotor trying to turn it180 degree from its position . since
these forces are exerted through the center of the rotor the turning
force is equal in each direction.
SHADED- POLE MOTOR

• An important single phase motor is the shaded- pole motor .This type
of motor is used in application in which power consumption is low.
• In this the rotor is constructed as squirrel-cage rotor.
• The stator has salient poles which carry the main windings. A short-
circuits band is placed around a shaded portion of each pole, forming
the winding for starting the period.
• The stator winding form the primary winding and the copper band
the short circuit secondary winding.
• The current flowing through the stator windings and the current of
the copper loop are phase shifted.
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR

• The synchronous motor is one of the principal type of ac motor.

• The synchronous motors are used to convert electric power to mechanical power.
• Synchronous motor principal:
• When three phase source of ac is applied to the stator windings and a rotating
magnetic field is produced.
• When direct current is applied to the rotor winding and the another magnetic field
is produced.
• The synchronous motor are so constructed that the two fields react to each other in
such a manner that the rotor is dragged along and the rotates at the same speed as
the rotating magnetic field produced by a stator windings.
CONSTRUCTION OF
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
• Usually, its construction is almost similar to that of a three
phase induction motor. We apply three phase supply to the
stator and dc supply to the rotor.
SINGLE - PHASE SYNCHRONOUS
MOTOR
THREE- PHASE SYNCHRONOUS
MOTOR
UNIVERSAL MOTOR

• The universal motor is a special type of motor which is designed to

operate on either dc or ac supply at the same speed and output. It is
basically a series wound motor and it has high starting torque and
variable speed characteristics.
• A dc series motor suffer forms the following drawbacks when
operated on ac supply:
• Its efficiency will poor due to hysteresis and eddy current loses.
• The sparking of brushes will be excessive.
• The power factor of the motor is low due to the inductive reactance
of the field and armature winding.
 AC MOTOR CONTROL

AC motors operates from Ac power source. The magnetic fields

typically generated using coils on the rotor and stator due to the
alternating nature of input power .
The rotating direction is controlled on the order of the phases applied
on the motor . If the phase wires is changed , the rotating direction is
changed.
There is only two method to change the rotation speed of AC induction
motor:
Use frequency converter or
Use motor with separate winding for different speeds.