International Civil Aviation Organization

(ICAO):

- Founded by 52 nations conference held at

chicago in 1944.
- Organization established in 1947 with head-
quaters in Montreal (Canada)
- Serves all the nations as an agency to
promote international aviation.
- Specialized agency of U.N.O & deals with the
development of international air activity.
- Primary object is to promote safety of flight
in International Air Navigation.
 To achieve this objective the organization
develops principles & techniques of
International air navigation by:
- Ensuring safe & orderly growth of
international Civil Aviation all over the world.
- Encouraging development of International
Civil Aviation
- Preventing economic waste caused by
unreasonable competition.
- Ensuring that the right of contracting states
are fully respected & that every contracting
state has fair opportunity to operate
international airlines.
- Promotng development of all aspects
of international Civil aeronautics.
- Meeting the air Transport
requirements of the world which would
be safe, Regular and efficient.
 Air-Craft
Characteristics
 Size of Aircraft
Involves:
• Wing Span
• Fuselage Length
• Height
• Gear Tread
• Wheel Base
• Tail Width
• Wing Span- decides width of taxi way, size
of aprons & Hangers
• Fuselage Length- decides widening of
taxiway on curves, size of aprons &
hangers
• Height – decides height of hanger gate &
miscellaneous installation inside the
hanger
• Gear Tread- governs minimum turning
radius of aircraft
• Wheel Base – decides minimum taxiway
radius
• Tail Width – required for size of parking &
apron.
• Minimum Turning Radius : In order to
decide the radius of taxiways, the position
of aircrafts in loading aprons and hangers
& to establish the path of the movement
of aircraft, it is very essential to study the
geometry of the turning movement of
aircrafts. It is determined as:
(i) Draw a line through the axis of the nose
gear when it is at its maximum angle of
rotation. The angle of rotation is fixed by
the manufacturers
(ii) Draw another line through the axis
of the two main gears.
(iii) The intersection of these two lines
forms the centre of rotation.

The distance of the farther wing tip

from the centre of rotation
represents the minimum turning
radius.
Minimum Circling Radius - There is a certain
minimum radius with which the aircraft can
take turn in space. This radius depends upon
the
• type of aircraft,
• air craft volume &
• weather conditions.
The two nearby airports should be separated
from each other by an adequate distance so
that the aircrafts simultaneously landing on
them do not interfere with each other.
Speed of Air Craft:
• Cruising Speed or Ground Speed - is
the speed of aircrafts w.r.t ground
when the aircraft is flying in air at its
maximum speed.
• Air Speed- is the speed of aircraft
relative to the wind.
Capacity of Air Craft:
• Determines the baggage, cargo ,
passengers & fuel that can be
accommodated in the air craft.
• The terminal facilities have to be
planned for the highest capacity
aircraft expected to land.
Aircraft Weight and wheel Configuration:
The length of a runway depends upon
the weight of air craft during landing
and take off. The runway & taxiway
pavement thickness also depends upon
the gross weight of aircraft & wheel
configuration. The terms related to this
are
(i) Empty operating Weight : is a
constant weight for a type except pay-
load & fuel.
(ii) Zero Fuel Weight : is the sum of empty
operating weight and the maximum payload.
(iii) Maximum Take off Weight: is determined
by structural limits and performance
requirements and is made up of the empty
operating weight and a flexible combination
of payload and fuel.
(iv) Max. Ramp weight : is slightly higher than
the max. take off weight so that the fuel
required for queuing and taxing does not
prejudice the load that can be lifted for the
flight.
(V) Maximum Landing Weight : is less
than the maximum take off weight by
an amount dependent on a reasonable
mean expectancy of the weight of fuel
burned during a flight. Thus the
landing gear can be designed for lower
landing loads without prejudice to the
aircraft’s lifting ability.
 AIRPORT PLANNING
- Requires more intensive study &
foresight as compared to planning of
other modes of Transport
- Aviation is the most dynamic industry
& its forecast is quite complex.
 REGIONAL PLANNING
- Air traffic needs of the nation as a
whole rather than an individual locality.
- Airport planning including the airport
administration, if not done on a
regional basis, would seriously impair
the effective air traffic services of the
country.
- May further result in surplus or
shortage of airport facilities on a
regional basis.
 REGIONAL PLAN- usually provides the
following information:
- Approx. locations of the airports in
national map.
- Classification of airports
- Location of air strips
- Routes of air travel
 Data collection for a scientific & Sound
Planning on Regional Basis:
- Population
- Topographical & geographical
features
- Existing airports in the vicinity
- Air Traffic Characteristics
 AIRPORT SITE SELECTION – depends
upon the class of airport under
consideration.
factors for site selection:
- Regional Plan
- Airport use
- Proximity to other airports
- Ground accessibility
- Topography
- Obstructions
- Visibility
- Wind
- Noise Nuisance
- Grading, Drainage & soil
characteristics
- Future Development
- Availability of utilities from town
- Economic considerations
Regional Plan: Site selected should fit well into
the regional plan
Airport Use: Whether military or civilian use.
Proximity to other Airports:
- Site selected should be at a considerable
distance from the existing airports so that
the aircraft landing in one airport does not
interfere with the movement of aircraft at
other airport.
The reqd. separation between the airports
mainly depends upon the volume of air
traffic, the type of aircraft and the air traffic
control i.e whether the airports are equipped
with instrument landing facilities or not.
 Minimum spacing suggested as a guide for
planning
(i) Airports serving small general aviation
aircrafts under VFR (Visual flight rules)
conditions - 3.2 Km
(ii) airports serving bigger aircrafts, say two
piston engine under VFR conditions
- 6.4 Km
(iii) Airports operting piston engine aircrafts
under IFR (Instrument flight rules)
conditions – 25.6 Km
(iv) Airports opertingJet engines aircrafts
under IFR conditions - 160 Kms
Ground accessibility: Readily accessible
to users
Topography: Raised ground e.g a hill top
is usually an ideal site for airport.
Reasons:
- Less obstructions in approach &
turning zones
- Natural drainage, low land area may
result in flooding
- More uniform wind
- Better visibility due to less fog
Obstructions:
- While landing or take-off, aircraft
loses or gains height very slowly as
compared to forward speed.
- Therefore, long clearance areas are
provided on either side of runway
known as approach areas over which
the aircraft can safely run or loose
altitude
- These areas are kept free of
obstructions.
Visibility: Site selected should be free
visibility reducing conditions such as
fog, smoke and haze
Wind : so oriented that landing & take-
off is done by heading into the wind.
Noise Nuisance: Extent of noise nuisance
depends upon the
- climb-out path of aircraft
- type of engine propulsion &
- gross weight of aircraft.
- Site should be so selected that the
landing or take-off paths of the
aircrafts pass over the land which is
free from residential or industrial
development.
- Sometimes buffer zone may have to
be provided between the take-off end
of a runway and a nearby residential
area.
- If buffer zone can not be provided,
some acoustical barrier may have to
be provided.
Grading, Drainage & Soil Characteristics
- Sites with high water tables, which
may require costly sub-soil drainage
should be avoided.
- Should have Favourable soil
characteristics
Surveys for Site Selection:
(i) Traffic survey
(ii) Meteorological Survey
(iii) Topographical Survey
(iv) Soil Survey
(v) Drainage Survey
(vi) Material Survey
Drawings to be prepared:
(i) Topographical Plan
(ii) Obstruction Map
(iii) Drainage Plan
(iv) Airport Master Plan
AIRPORT OBSTRUCTIONS
Zoning Laws:
- Zoning ordinances regarding the
permissible height of structures and
the land use within the airport
boundary need implementation as
soon as the site is selected for airport
development.
- Use of land for manufacture of
certain items which may result in
smoke nuisance, foul odour etc. is
also controlled by zoning laws
Classification of Obstructions:
- Objects protruding above certain
imaginary surfaces
- Objects exceeding their limiting
heights above the ground surface in
approach zones and turning zones.
Imaginary surfaces:
- Take-off climb surface
- Approach Surface
- Inner Horizontal Surface
- Conical Surface
- Transitional Surface
- Outer Horizontal surface
Take-off climb surface: Comprises of the
following
(a) - An Inner edge, horizontal &
perpendicular to the centre line of
runway & located either at a specified
distance beyond the end of the
runway or at the end of the clearway
when such is provided.
- Its length equals the specified
distance depending upon the type of
aerodrome under consideration.
- The elevation of the inner edge
shall be that of the highest point on
the extended runway centre line
between the end of the runway and
the inner edge except that when a
clearway is provided, the elevation
shall be equal to the highest point on
the ground on the centre line of
runway.
(b) Two sides originating from the ends of the
inner edge, diverging uniformly at a
specified final width. It continues
thereafter at that width for the remainder
of the length of the take-off climb surface.
The surface extends at a specified slope
upwards and outwards which for straight
take-off flight path shall be measured in
vertical plane containing the centre line of
runway.
(c) An outer edge horizontal & perpendicular
to the specified take-off track.
(ii) Approach Surface:
shall be established from the smaller
end of runway strip for each runway
direction intended to be used for the
landing of aero planes. It comprises
of
(a) An inner edge of specified length,
horizontal & perpendicular to the
extended centre line of the runway
and located at a specified distance
before the threshold. An elevation of
the inner edge shall be equal to that
of the mid-point of the threshold.
(b) Two sides originating at the ends of
the inner edge & diverging uniformly
at a specified rate from the extended
centre line of the runway. The surface
extends upwards and outwards at a
specified slope which shall be
measured in the vertical plane
containing the centre line of the
runway.
(c) An outer edge which is parallel to the
inner edge.
(iii) Inner Horizontal surface (IHS): It is
the surface located in a horizontal
plane above an aerodrome and its
surroundings.
The shape of the IHS need not
necessarily be circular. The radius or
outer limits of IHS shall be measured
from airport reference point (ARP) or
points established for such purposes.
Where the runway length is 600 m or
more but less than 750 m, the IHS
shall be a circular surface with radius
of 4000m from ARP.
- Where the runway length is less than
1500m, the IHS shall extend to a
horizontal distance of 3900m from ARP.
- Where the runway length is 1500m or
more, the IHS shall be a composite pattern
which consists of two circular arcs
centered at the two runway ends with a
radius of 4000m from ARP.
- Where the runway length is 5000m or
more, the IHS shall be a composite pattern
which consists of two circular arcs
centered at the two runway ends with a
radius of 4000m from ARP. These arcs
shall be joined tangentially to form an
elliptical shape.
(iv) Conical Surface:
It extends upwards & outwards from the
periphery of the HIS. The limits of
Conical Surface shall comprise
(a) A lower edge coincident with the
periphery of the HIS
(b) an upper edge located at a specified
height above the HIS. The shape of
the conical surface shall be measured
in a vertical plane perpendicular to
the periphery of the HIS.
(iv) Transitional Surface:
Complex surface along the side of the
strip & part of the side of approach surface
that slopes upwards & outwards of the
HIS. This is intended to serve as the
controlling obstacle limitation surface for
bld.s etc. The limits shall comprise:
(a) A lower edge beginning at the intersection
of then side of approach surface with the
HIS & extending down the side of
approach surface to the inner edge of the
approach surface & from there it extends
along the length of the strio parallel to the
runway centre line.
(b) An upper edge located in the plane
of the HIS.
The slope of the transitional surface
is measured in a vertical plane at
right angles to the center line of the
runway. The slope shall be 14.3%
(1in 7) where length of runway is
900 m & above. For runways less
than 900m, the slope shall be 20%
(1:5)
(V) OUTER HORIZONTAL SURFACE (OHS)
- Circular in plan with center located at
ARP (Airport Reference Point)
- Not proposed for aerodromes with
runways of length less than 900 m.
- Longest Runway > 900m but < 1500 m,
the OHS shall extend to 9900m from ARP.
- For airports, where the length of longest
runway is 1500m or more, the OHS shall
extend to 15,000m from ARP.
- Height of OHS is 150 m above the ARP
elevation. Constructions protruding above
this surface shall not be permitted.
Highway & Railway Clearances
Roads & Railways are not objectionable
in clear zones provided they comply
with the clearance standards.
Objects exceeding their Limiting Heights
above Ground : Approach areas of
runways equipped with IL facilities
(i) Within 4.5 Km distance from the runway
end, any object shall be considered as an
obstruction if its height is more than 30 m
above the level approach end of runway
whichever is higher.
(ii) Any object which is located beyond a
distance of 4.5 Km from the runway end,
shall be considered as an obstruction if its
height above 30 m increases by more than
7.5 m for each additional 1.5 Km distance
from the runway or if it exceeds 75 m
within 15 Km distance from the runway
end.
(iii) Any object which protrudes above
the minimum approach flight altitude
or whose height exceeds 150 m
above the ground is also to be
considered as an obstruction.
Turning Zone:
 In turning zone, the aircraft operates at a
considerably low height, it has to be ascertained
that this area is also free from obstructions.

(i) Any object located within a distance of 4.5 Km

from the runway reference point shall be
considered as an obstruction, if its height is more
than 51 m above the established airport elevation
or above the ground whichever is higher.

(ii) Any object which is located beyond a distance of

4.5 Km from the runway reference point shall be
considered as obstruction if its height above 51 m
increased by more than 30 m for each additional
1.5 Km distance from airport reference point or if
it exceeds 150 m within a distance of 15 Km from
the runway reference point.
Thank You