COUMPUTER BASED NEURAL

NETWORK
-:BIOLOGY ACTIVITY:-
 What is Artificial Neural Network(ANN)?
• An artificial neural network is a network of simple elements called
artificial neurons, which receive input, change their internal state
(activation) according to that input, and produce output depending on the
input and activation.

• An artificial neuron mimics the working of a biophysical neuron with

inputs and outputs, but is not a biological neuron model.

HOW ANN FUNCTION?

• Inputs to the network are represented by the
mathematical symbol, xn
• Each of these inputs are multiplied by a
connection weight , wn
sum = w1 x1 + ……+ wnxn
• These products are simply summed, fed
through the transfer function, f( ) to generate
a result and then output
 COMPONENTS OF A NEURAL NETWORK
• Neurons
A neuron with label receiving an input from
predecessor neurons consists of the following
components:an activation , depending on a discrete
time parameter,possibly a threshold , which stays fixed
unless changed by a learning function,an activation
function that computes the new activation at a given
time from , and the net input giving rise to the
relation,and an output function computing the output
from the activation.Often the output function is simply
the Identity function.
• Connections, weights and biases
The network consists of connections, each connection
transferring the output of a neuron to the input of a
neuron . In this sense is the predecessor of and is the
successor of . Each connection is assigned a
weight .Sometimes a bias term added to total weighted
sum of inputs to serve as threshold to shift the
activation function.
• Propagation function
The propagation function computes
the input,Pj (t)to the neuron from the outputs
Oi(t)of predecessor neurons and typically has the
form:
• Learning rule
The learning rule is a rule or an algorithm
which modifies the parameters of the neural
network, in order for a given input to the
network to produce a favored output.
This learning process typically amounts to
modifying the weights and thresholds of the
variables within the network.
ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK
ARCHITECTURE
ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK
ARCHITECTURE
LEARNING PROCESS OF ANN

• Neurons in an animal’s brain are “hard wired”. It is equally obvious that

animals, especially higher order animals, learn as they grow.
How does this learning occur?
What are possible mathematical models of learning?
• In artificial neural networks, learning refers to the method of
modifying the weights of connections between the nodes of a
specified network.
• The learning ability of a neural network is determined by its
architecture and by the algorithmic method chosen for training.
• In ANN learning occurs by the processing of inputed data and saving it as a
refference point.
 SIMILARITIES BETWEEN ANN & BIOLOGICAL
NEURAL NETWORK
Just like many other man made wonder, even ANN
is inspired by nature. It is based on the working of
human Brain, to be specific on the principles of a
nerve.we can see the similiraties by comparing
ANN and BNN.
Four parts of a typical nerve cell : -
• DENDRITES: Accepts the inputs
• SOMA : Process the inputs
• AXON : Turns the processed inputs into
outputs.
• SYNAPSES :The electrochemical
contact between the
neurons.
ADVANTAGE AND CRITICISM OF ANN.
ADVANTAGES
• It involves human like thinking.
• They handle noisy or missing data.
• They can work with large number of
variables or parameters.
• They provide general solutions with
good predictive accuracy.
• System has got property of
continuous learning.
• They deal with the non-linearity in
the world in which we live.
• DISADVANTAGES
• Long training times for deep
networks, which are the most
accurate architecture for most
problems.
• Need lots of data, especially for
architectures with many layers. This
is a problem for most ML
algorithms, of course, but is
especially relevant for ANNs
because of the vast number of
weights and connections in ANNs.
• Architectures have to be fine-tuned
to achieve the best performance.
USE OF ANN IN MODERN WORLD
• Because of their ability to reproduce and model nonlinear processes, Artificial neural networks
have found many applications in a wide range of disciplines.
• Application areas include system identification and control (vehicle control, trajectory
prediction,process control, natural resource management), quantum chemistry,game-playing
and decision making (backgammon, chess, poker), pattern recognition (radar systems, face
identification, signal classification,object recognition and more), sequence recognition (gesture,
speech, handwritten and printed text recognition), medical diagnosis, finance (e.g. automated
trading systems), data mining, visualization, machine translation, social network filtering and e-
mail spam filtering.
• Artificial neural networks have been used to diagnose cancers, including lung cancer,prostate
cancer, colorectal cancer and to distinguish highly invasive cancer cell lines from less invasive
lines using only cell shape information.
• Artificial neural networks have been used to accelerate reliability analysis of infrastructures
subject to natural disasters.
• Artificial neural networks have also been used for building black-box models
in geoscience:hydrology,ocean modelling and coastal engineering,and geomorphology.