 are diseases or conditions that are

caused by abnormalities in genes or

chromosomes
1. Down Syndrome
2. Inherited Diseases
3. Sex-Chromosomal
Abnormalities
4. Klinefelter Syndrome
5. Turner Syndrome
 also known as Trisomy 21

 most common genetic abnormality during

prenatal development which is caused by an
extra chromosome on the 21st pair

 Features:
Flattened facial features
Heart Defects
Mental Retardation
 number of illnesses can be inherited if
one or both parents carry a gene for the
disease

Examples of Inherited Diseases:

Sickle-Cell Anemia
Cystic Fibrosis
Tay-Sachs Disease
 genetic problems in sex
chromosomes include
conditions such as
Klinefelter’s Syndrome and
Turner Syndrome
 also known as 47 XXY or
XXY
 genetic condition that results
when a boy is born with an
extra copy of the X
chromosome.
 chromosomal condition that
affects development in
females
 females who have this
syndrome are missing one of
their X chromosome
 Chromosomal sex is determined at
fertilization

 Sexual differences begin in the 7th

week

 Sex is influenced by genetic and

environmental factors
 Females (generally XX) do not
have a Y chromosome

 Males (generally XY) have a Y

chromosome
 substances or diseases
that can cause birth
defect
Maternal Diseases Environmental
Drugs
and Conditions Hazards
Rubella or German
Analgesic Radiation
Measles
Aspirin (in large
Syphilis Carbon Monoxide
quantities)
Chicken Pox Alcohol Mercury

Mother’s Age Caffeine Lead

Nutrition Cocaine
Heroine,
Emotional State
Marijuana,
and Condition
Nicotine
 Smoking is linked to low birth
weight, which can result in a
weakened immune system, poor
respiration, and neurological
impairment

 Alcohol use can lead to fetal

alcohol syndrome which is linked to
heart defects, body malformations,
and mental retardation
 diseasesthat can negatively
impact the fetus, including
herpes, rubella and AIDS
 process of giving birth
without routine medical
interventions, particularly
anesthesia

 natural childbirth or vaginal

delivery is the most common
and safest type of childbirth
 method of childbirth in which
the expectant mother is
prepared psychologically and
physically to give birth
without the use of pain-
relieving drugs

 Physical exercise are given

 childbirth that occurs in a tub
of warm water

 believe water birth results in

a more relaxed and less
painful experience of giving
birth
 process where the buttocks
appear first, followed by
the legs and finally the
head
 method of birth where the
fetus is positioned
crosswise in the mother’s
uterus
 instrument resembling large
spoons

 when necessary in certain

circumstances, may be used
to cup your baby’s head and
help guide the baby through
the birth canal
 another way to assist
delivery and is similar to
forceps delivery
 neonatal reflexes or primitive reflexes
are the inborn behavioral patterns that
develop during uterine life
 are essential for a newborn's survival
immediately after birth, include sucking,
swallowing, blinking, urinating,
hiccupping, and defecating
 These typical reflexes are not learned;
they are involuntary and necessary for
survival
Reflex Stimulation Response Duration

Fans out toes Disappears at

Sole of foot
Babinski and twists foot nine months to
stroked
in a year
Flash of light or
Blinking Closes eyes Permanent
puff of air
Weakens at
three months;
Grasping Palms touched Grasps tightly
disappears at a
year
Startles; throws
out arms and Disappears at
Sudden move;
Moro legs and then three to four
loud noise
pulls them months
toward body
Turns toward
Cheek stroked Disappears at
source, opens
Rooting or side of mouth three to four
mouth and
touched months
sucks
 Infant held
Disappears at
upright with Moves feet as if
Stepping three to four
feet touching to walk
months
ground
Disappears at
Mouth touched
Sucking Sucks on object three to four
by object
months
Makes
Disappears at
Placed face coordinated
Swimming six to seven
down in water swimming
months
movements
Makes fists and
Disappears at
Tonic neck Placed on back turns head to
two months
the right
 infant is called neonate in the
days immediately following
birth until about two weeks

 neonates begin to use their

abilities to adapt to their
environment
1. SIGHT
 infants can see at birth
 they see black and white and
shades of gray
 newborns can only focus
eight to twelve inches, most
of their vision is blurred
 infants can hear fairly
well, but not perfectly
 entire hearing
apparatus is
somewhat immature
 newborns are born
with the ability to
distinguish their
mother’s voice and
respond to it above all
others
 infants can
distinguish odors
 infants show
sensitivity to odors
by crying, head
turning, and by
sucking and
relaxing the body in
response to
pleasant stimuli
 infant’s sense of taste is keen
 positive reactions in response to sweet
stimuli
 negative responses in response to salty,
sour, and bitter stimuli
 during early childhood,
children continue to expand
their repertoire of physical skills
 throughout this stage, girls
tend to develop faster than boys
 child master skills at different
speeds, ages, and in different
sequences
 stop “toddling”
 learn to walk and also
develop the ability to run,
jump and hop
 Throwing and catching
games
 can climb up stairs
 can jump and hop higher

 hop on one foot

 catching and throwing

abilities
 peddle and steer a tricycle
 go up and down the stairs
alone
 continue to run smooth

 more control when riding

their tricycles or bicycles
 refine earlier skills
 run even faster

 step sideways

 jumping rope

 enjoy learning to play

organized sports
 necessary engage in
smaller, more precise
movements, normally
using the hands and
fingers
 create things with their
hands
 build tower out of blocks
 mold clay into rough shapes
 scribble with crayon or pen
 insert objects into matching
spaces
 start to manipulate clothing
fasteners, like zippers and snaps
 completely dress and undress
themselves
 use larger writing instruments like
fat crayons
 use a twisting motion with their
hands like opening door knobs
 button and unbutton their
clothes by themselves
 can draw simple stick figures

 copy shapes such as circles,

square and large letters
 print letters and numbers
 use paints, pencils and
crayons with better control
 complete other self-care task
such as brushing their teeth
and combing their hair
 self-care skills that caregivers most
anticipate
 as early as age 2, children could be
ready for toilet training because
most babies if this age can tell the
urge to urinate or defecate
 most children are toilet trained by
age of 5 or 6, in time to begin in
school
 nighttime urine control is the
last and hardest task to
master
 young boys may take longer
than young girls to toilet
train, and boys may also have
a longer period of nighttime
accidents
refer to the strength
and the dexterity in
their hands
 refer to the strength in our
legs
 babies learn to hop and
jump from an elevated
place
 they learn climb stairs
generally baby boys
are longer than baby
girls from birth to one
year of age
 Early Childhood: Young
boys have larger
measurement in
height compared to
girls

 Pre-Puberty: Girls grow

taller than boys until
early adolescence
 Birth up to the end of the
early childhood:
Baby boys are heavier
than baby girls
 Middle Childhood:
Particularly at the age
of 9 the girls are just as
heavy as the boys

 10 years until the early

Adolescence:
Girls start to gain weight
faster than boys
 number of bones increases
in babyhood
 bones of infant are softer
than in adults because it
has not yet been ossified
 begins in the early part of
the first year but it is not
complete until puberty
 teething usually occurs
between the ages of six and nine
months.
 the average baby has four to six
of the twenty primary teeth
(milk teeth and baby teeth) by
the age of one
 Sixteen teeth by the age of two
 the first tooth to erupt is
the lower central incisors
 four to six months of early
childhood the last four baby
teeth- the back molars- erupt
 the first to come out are the
front central incisors- the first
baby teeth to appear
 a child normally has 28 of the
32 permanent teeth
 the last 4, the wisdom teeth
erupt during adolescence
 a baby is born
with nearly all
the muscle
fiber he will
ever need, but
the muscle
fiber is not
very well
developed
 each fiber will grow until it
weighs more than 40 times
what it weighed at birth

 fat tissue develops rapidly

during babyhood, due partly
to the high fat content of milk
 breast development is the main
sign that a girl is entering
puberty
 the first menstrual period (menarche)
usually follows within about 2 years
 An increase in height
 An increase in hip size

 Clear or whitish vaginal

secretions
 Pubic, armpit, and leg hair
growth
 menstrual cycle occur over
about 1 month (28-32 days)
 may go to 2 months
between periods, or may
have two periods in 1
month
 during or just before the
each period, the girl may
feel moody or emotional
 may begin to develop
especially as the girl gets
older
 in girls, puberty is usually
finished by age 17
 any increases in height
after this age is uncommon
 first sign of puberty in
boys is enlargement of both
testicles
 Faster growth, especially height
 Hair growth under the arms, on the
face, and in the pubic area
 Increased shoulder width
 Growth of the penis, scrotum and
testes
 Nighttime ejaculations or wet dreams
 Voice changes
 during adolescence, teens often
struggle with their body
changes, mood swings and
social issues
 preventative healthcare habits
during ages 12 to 18, such as
skin care, hygiene and healthy
body size can last a lifetime