LEARNING

• Importance of learning – learning has been defined by many

psychologists in many ways.
• Learning – is a process gathered from relatively permanent changes
in behavior that results from practice or interaction with the
environment. (Bustos, Espiritu, ’99)
• Learning – involves the modification at behavior and the formation of
habits which results in the acquisition of new patterns of behavior
(Amparo, Tuazon, ’92)
• Learning – is a relatively permanent in behavior brought about by
experience, maturation and performance. (Feldman, ’93)
• Learning is a process, a modification of behavior as a result of
maturation and practice.
• Maturation (the unfolding of inherent traits). Practice is regularly
done with less fatigue and learning is continuous.
 Types of learning

• Habituation – is a decline in the ability to respond to a situation that has

become familiar due to constant repeated exposure.
• Trial and error – trial and error is a method by which one solves problems by
using random responses and choosing the correct answers from the many
responses
• Classical conditioning – according to Ivan Pavlov, a russian physiologist in
classical conditioning an organism learns a response to a neutral stimulus that
normally does not bring about that response.
• Operant conditioning – or instrumental conditioning. Operant conditioning
describes learning wherein voluntary response is strengthened or weakened
depending on the positive or negative consequence.
Four types of Operant conditioning

• Primary conditioning
• Secondary conditioning
• Escape conditioning
• Avoidance conditioning
• Primary conditioning – satisfies the biological needs like
hunger or thirst.
• Secondary conditioning – becomes reinforced by its
association with primary conditioning such as money which
allows one to obtain food which is primary conditioning.
• Escape conditioning – an organism’s response which brings
about an end to an aversive situation.
• Avoidance conditioning – this occurs when a person’s respond
to a signal for an impending unpleasant situation is a way that
permits its evasion.
• Insight learning – thus learning depends on the ability of the
person to organize and see the relationships among various
factors.
 Laws of Learning

• The laws of learning are made of facilitate learning. Edward

Lee Thorndike presented three primary laws
• Law of readiness
• Law of exercise
• Law of effect
• Law of readiness – this law says that when the individual is “ready to act, to do so
is satisfying and not to do so is annoying.”
• Law of exercise – says that constant repetition of a response
strengthened its connection to stimulus and the disuse of a
response weakens it.
• Law of effect – according to Thorndike, the tendency to perform
the various response gets strengthened if they are rewarded and
weakens if there is the absence of reward of worst, if punished.