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Contour detection using Hough Transform

Contour detection using Active Snakes Contours

Contour detection using Geometric Active

Contours (GAC)

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 Hough Transform
Definition:

Extracts geometric primitives from raster

images.

Identifies lines in an image, positions of arbitrary

shapes like circle, ellipse

Importance of Hough Transform

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 Basic idea
Each white point if considered in
isolation could lie on an infinite
number of straight lines

In the Hough transform each point

votes for every line it could be on

The lines with the most votes win

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 Representation of lines
Any line can be represented by two numbers

Here we will represent the yellow line by (w 

In other words we define it using

- a line from an agreed origin
- of length w
- at angle  to the horizontal

w  x cos(  y sin( 

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Algorithm:
Create and w for all possible lines
Create an array A indexed by and w
for each point (x,y)
for each angle 
w = x*cos()+ y*sin()
A[,w] = A[,w]+1
end
end

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Representation of multiple lines

Single point representation

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Two points representation
Active Snake Contours
Definition: an energy-minimizing spline that
represents an object boundary or some other salient
image feature as a parametric curve.

It was first introduced in 1987 by Kass et al

The contour is defined in the (x, y) plane of an image as

a parametric curve

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 Modeling
Contour is said to possess an energy (Esnake) which is defined as
the sum of the three energy terms.

Elastic energy Bending energy

dv ( s )
1 vs 
Eint  Eelastic  Ebending    | vs |2  | vss |2 )ds ds
s
2
1 1 1
   2
Eelastic   ( s ) | vs |2 ds Ebending
2
( s ) | v ss | ds
2s s

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External energy
It is derived from the image.

Define a function Eimage(x , y) so that it takes on its

smaller values at the features of interest, such as
boundaries.
Eext   Eimage (v( s ))ds
s

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Image forces
• The image forces E image are derived from the image data over
which the snake lies
• Three important features the snake can be attracted to are line,
edge and termination functions. The total image energy can be
expressed as a weighted combination of the three.

Eimage   line E line   edge E edge   term E term

The simplest useful image functional is the image intensity
Eline =I (x,y)
E edge = square of intensity variation
E term =curvature of lines
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Example

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MOTION TRACKING

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Geometric Active
Contours
Level set method is used instead of parameters to trace
multiple objects more specifically .

The level set method is a numerical technique for tracking

interfaces and shapes.

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Level set method
Advantage:
 perform numerical computations
 Make it very easy to follow shapes that change topology.

the level set method represents a  closed curve, Γ using an auxiliary

function ф, called the level set function.
  Γ is represented as the zero level set of ф by
Γ={(x , y)|ф(x , y)=0}

 If the curve Γ moves in the normal direction with a speed v, then the level
set function  satisfies the 
level set equation:
∂ф /∂t=v| ф|

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Approach:
 Curve deformation velocity, v regularity of the curve

shrinks or expands the curve

towards the boundary.

 Given a 2-D scalar function, ф(x , t) geometric active contour formula is:

Level set operator

constant
∂ф /∂t=c(к+Ѵ0) ф

the use of curvature к has the effect of smoothing the contour, while
 Ѵ0 has the effect of shrinking or expanding contour at a constant speed.

 c(к+Ѵ0) determines the overall evolution speed of level sets of ф(x , t)

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where, c=c(x)= 1 / [1+| |G σ (x) * I(x)]
here,
 x is any location in the image, I(x) and

 G σ (x) is a 2-D Gaussian function with standard deviation σ

- filtering noise
 is the gradient operator- measure of intensity variation

 * is the 2-D image convolution operator

Advantage:
Several objects can be detected simultaneously without previous knowledge
of their exact number in the scene

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 x − y plane

level set function determining

the shape of the object

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Initial contour

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Detecting multiple objects
using geometric contours

amoeba

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Summary
Hough transform – cannot detect shapes other than
lines and circles

Active Snakes Contours – selection of parameters

- multiple objects

Geometric Active Contours

– overcomes above disadvantages using level sets
- detecting multiple objects

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 Thank You…

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