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CHAPTER 21
© 2002 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 6/e Karl Case, Ray Fair
An Overview of Money
© 2002 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 6/e Karl Case, Ray Fair 2
An Overview of Money
© 2002 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 6/e Karl Case, Ray Fair 3
An Overview of Money
© 2002 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 6/e Karl Case, Ray Fair 4
An Overview of Money
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How Banks Create Money
© 2002 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 6/e Karl Case, Ray Fair 9
How Banks Create Money
© 2002 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 6/e Karl Case, Ray Fair 10
How Banks Create Money
© 2002 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 6/e Karl Case, Ray Fair 11
The Modern Banking System
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T-Account for a Typical Bank
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The Creation of Money
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The Creation of Money
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The Creation of Money
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The Creation of Money
The Creation of Money: Balance Sheets of Three Banks
Panel 1 Panel 2 Panel 3
ASSETS LIABILITIES ASSETS LIABILITIES ASSETS LIABILITIES
Reserves 100 100 Deposits Reserves 100 180 Deposits Reserves 20 100 Deposits
Loans 80 Loans 80
Summary: Deposits
Bank 1 100
Bank 2 80
Bank 3 64
Bank 4 51.20
. .
. .
. .
Total 500.00
© 2002 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 6/e Karl Case, Ray Fair 17
The Money Multiplier
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The Federal Reserve System
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The Federal Reserve System
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The Federal Reserve System
© 2002 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 6/e Karl Case, Ray Fair 21
Functions of the Fed
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Functions of the Fed
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The Fed’s Balance Sheet
Assets and Liabilities of the Federal Reserve System, April 30, 2000
(millions of dollars)
ASSETS LIABILITIES
© 2002 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 6/e Karl Case, Ray Fair 24
The Fed’s Balance Sheet
© 2002 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 6/e Karl Case, Ray Fair 25
How the Fed Controls
the Money Supply
• The required reserve ratio establishes a link
between the reserves of the commercial
banks and the deposits (money) that
commercial banks are allowed to create.
• If the Fed wants to increase the money
supply, it creates more reserves, thereby
freeing banks to create additional deposits
by making more loans. If it wants to
decrease the money supply, it reduces
reserves.
© 2002 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 6/e Karl Case, Ray Fair 26
How the Fed Controls
the Money Supply
A Decrease in the Required Reserve Ratio From 20 Percent to 12.5 Percent
Increases the Supply of Money (All Figures in Billions of Dollars)
PANEL 1: REQUIRED RESERVE RATIO = 20%
Federal Reserve Commercial Banks
Assets Liabilities Assets Liabilities
Government $200 $100 Reserves Reserves $100 $500 Deposits
securities $100 Currency Loans $400
Note: Money supply (M1) = Currency + Deposits = $600.
PANEL 2: REQUIRED RESERVE RATIO = 12.5%
Federal Reserve Commercial Banks
Assets Liabilities Assets Liabilities
Government $200 $100 Reserves Reserves $100 $800 Deposits
securities $100 Currency Loans $700 (+ $300)
(+ $300)
Note: Money supply (M1) = Currency + Deposits = $900.
© 2002 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 6/e Karl Case, Ray Fair 27
The Discount Rate
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The Discount Rate
The Effect On the Money Supply of Commercial Bank Borrowing from the Fed
(All Figures in Billions of Dollars)
PANEL 1: NO COMMERCIAL BANK BORROWING FROM THE FED
Federal Reserve Commercial Banks
Assets Liabilities Assets Liabilities
Securities $160 $80 Reserves Reserves $80 $400 Deposits
$80 Currency Loans $320
Note: Money supply (M1) = Currency + Deposits = $480.
PANEL 2: COMMERCIAL BANK BORROWING $20 FROM THE FED
Federal Reserve Commercial Banks
Assets Liabilities Assets Liabilities
Securities $160 $100 Reserves Reserves $100 $500 Deposits
(+ $20) (+ $20) (+ $300)
Loans $20 $80 Currency Loans $420 $20 Amount owed
(+ $100) to Fed (+ $20)
Note: Money supply (M1) = Currency + Deposits = $580.
© 2002 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 6/e Karl Case, Ray Fair 29
The Discount Rate
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Open Market Operations
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The Mechanics of
Open Market Operations
Open Market Operations (The Numbers in Parentheses in Panels 2 and 3 Show the Differences
Between Those Panels and Panel 1.) (All Figures in Billions of Dollars)
PANEL 1
Federal Reserve Commercial Banks Jane Q. Public
Assets Liabilities Assets Liabilities Assets Liabilities
Securities $100 $20 Reserves Reserves $20 $100 Deposits Deposits $5 $0 Debts
$80 Currency Loans $80 $5 Net Worth
Note: Money supply (M1) = Currency + Deposits = $180. $80 Currency
PANEL 2
Federal Reserve Commercial Banks Jane Q. Public
Assets Liabilities Assets Liabilities Assets Liabilities
Securities $95 $15 Reserves Reserves $15 $95 Deposits Deposits $0 $0 Debts
( $5) ( $5) ( $5) ( $5) ( $5)
$80 Currency Loans $80 Securities $5 $5 Net Worth
(+ $5)
Note: Money supply (M1) = Currency + Deposits = $175.
PANEL 2
Federal Reserve Commercial Banks Jane Q. Public
Assets Liabilities Assets Liabilities Assets Liabilities
Securities $95 $15 Reserves Reserves $15 $75 Deposits Deposits $0 $0 Debts
( $5) ( $5) ( $5) ( $25) ( $5)
$80 Currency Loans $60 Securities $5 $5 Net Worth
( $20) (+ $5)
Note: Money supply (M1) = Currency + Deposits = $155.
© 2002 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 6/e Karl Case, Ray Fair 32
Open Market Operations
© 2002 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 6/e Karl Case, Ray Fair 33
Open Market Operations
© 2002 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 6/e Karl Case, Ray Fair 34
The Supply Curve for Money
• A vertical money
supply curve says
the Fed sets the
money supply
independent of the
interest rate.
© 2002 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 6/e Karl Case, Ray Fair 35