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Demand Curve : A curve showing the
relationship between the price of a good and
the quantity demanded.
price
quantity
Demand Function:
qty
A change in quantity demanded is however
reflected in a movement along the demand
curve and is called an extension or
contraction in demand.
The movement from A to B is due to the
change in price of the good all other factors
remaining unchanged
B
Supply
The quantity supplied is the number of units
that sellers want to sell over a specified
period of time at a particular price.
Law of Supply states that all other factors
remaining unchanged the supply of a good
increases as its price increases. This can be
shown by a supply schedule, a supply curve
or a supply function.
Supply schedule price quantity
1 2
There exists a positive
relation between 5 10
quantity and price
8 15
13 25
20 35
Supply Curve: price
qty
p
p s
eqm
dem
q
Market forces drive market to
equilibrium
at prices < equilibrium level: excess demand
(amount by which quantity demanded
exceeds quantity supplied at the specified
price)
at price > equilibrium level: excess supply
equilibrium price is market clearing price: no
excess demand or excess supply
Equilibrium in a Market
p2-p1/(p2+p1)/2
Own Price Elasticity of
Demand
Own price elasticity: A measure of the
responsiveness of the quantity demanded of a
good to a change in the price of that good; the
percentage change in quantity demanded
divided by the percentage change in the price
of the good.
Elastic demand: Demand is elastic if the
absolute value of the own price elasticity is
greater than 1.
Types of elasticities
elastic: the quantity demanded changes more
than in proportion to a change in price
Quantity Demanded
Slope of the Demand Curve
P is the
change in P
Price Demand
slope =
P/ Q
Q Q + Q Quantity
Elastic demand : Demand is elastic if the
absolute value of own price elasticity is
greater than 1.
Inelastic demand: Demand is inelastic if the
absolute value of the own price elasticity is
less than 1.
Unitary elastic demand: Demand is unitary
elastic if the absolute value of the own price
elasticity is equal to 1.
Perfectly elastic demand : e= infinity
Perfectly inelastic demand : e = 0
Linear Demand Curve:
price
E = infinity e=lower segment/upper segment
E=1
E=0
Qty
Determinants of Elasticity
Number and closeness of substitutes –
the greater the number of substitutes,
the more elastic
Time period – the longer the time under consideration the more
elastic a good is likely to be
Cross-Price Elasticity
Cross-price elasticity: A measure of the
responsiveness of the demand for a good to
changes in the price of a related good; the
percentage change in the quantity demanded
of one good divided by the percentage change
in the price of a related good.
The cross-price elasticity is positive whenever
goods are substitutes.
The cross-price elasticity is negative whenever
goods are complements.
Cross-price elasticity of
demand
how quantity of one good
changes as price of
another good increases
% Δ Quantity Supplied
____________________
es =
% Δ Price
Paradox of the Bumper harvest
When prices of food crops increase, the
demand does not increase proportionally.
Hence the revenue earned by farmers fall.
The Govt announces a floor price for the
farmers- agricultural price subsidy.
This interference with prices comes at a cost
to the Govt in form of storage costs of Govt
granaries.
Supply And Demand Together:
Equilibrium
42
Supply And Demand Together:
Equilibrium (Cont.)
43
Demand Schedule Supply Schedule
Price
Supply
Equilibrium Demand
quantity
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Quantity
45