Waste & Waste Water Recycling: C2.2 Ecology & Sustainable Habitat

C2.
2 ECOLOGY & SUSTAINABLE HABITAT
WASTE & WASTE WATER

RECYCLING
Tharkesh.BN 2 nd Sem. M.Arch. (Habitat Design) BMSCE Bangalore 2009-10

CONTENTS
WASTE – Definition , Types, Functional Elements of Solid Waste.
RECYCLING
WASTE WATER – Category
RESIDENTIAL - Treatment Systems

Effluent water reuse Case studies
INDUSTRIAL WASTE WATER
-Industrial Water Treatment & Reuse.
Tharkesh.BN 2 nd Sem. M.Arch. 2009-10

WASTE -Definition
In living organisms, waste is the unwanted substances or toxins

that are expelled from them.
Waste is directly linked to human development .
The composition of different wastes have varied over time and

location, with industrial development and innovation being
directly linked to waste materials.
Some components of waste have economical value and can be

recycled once correctly recovered.

WASTE –Types
There are many waste types defined by modern systems of waste

management, notably including:
 Municipal solid waste (MSW)

Biodegradable waste.
Construction waste and Demolition waste (C&D)
Institutional waste
Commercial waste
Industrial waste (IC&I)
Medical waste (also known as clinical waste)
Hazardous waste
Radioactive waste
Electronic waste

Waste- functional elements of solid waste
Waste generation
Waste handling and separation, storage and processing at the source
Collection
Separation and processing and transformation of solid wastes.
Transfer and transport
Disposal
Recycling
Energy Generation
RECYCLING
Recycling involves processing used materials into new products to
prevent waste of potentially useful materials.
 Reduce the consumption of fresh raw materials, reduce energy

usage.
Reduce air pollution (from incineration) and water pollution (from

land filling) by reducing the need for "conventional" waste disposal.
Lower greenhouse gas emissions as compared to virgin production.
Recycling is a key component of modern waste reduction and is the

third component of the "Reduce, Reuse, Recycle" waste hierarchy.

WASTE WATER -RESIDENTIAL
Waste water is any water that has been adversely affected in quality
by Human influence.
It comprises liquid waste discharged by domestic residences,
commercial properties, industry, and/or agriculture and can
encompass a wide range of potential contaminants and concentrations.
Waste Water from residences can be separated at source for
treatment
Sewage (Black Water)

Sullage (Grey Water)
Bath Room Water (Soap Water)
The used water comes separately, but it is allowed to get mixed.

The water from toilets is the sewage, sullage from kitchens and soap
water from bathing/washing.
1. Sewage (Black Water)
 Septic tank is used to treat the waste water i.e. sewage (Black)
generated from the toilet of houses / institutions, hotels, camps;
industries etc., Sludge digestion takes place in the septic tank.
 The sludge digestion is referred to the decomposition of complex

organic substances present in sewage into simpler stable
compounds by bio-chemical reactions brought by anaerobic
bacteria.
 During the detention period, the sewage is purified and the

supernatant liquid is taken for further disposal of course for water
for gardening and horticulture.
 The anaerobic bacteria growth and multiplication is automatic but

can be accelerated by introducing bacteria in the Septic Tank what
is called as Microbial inoculums.
2. Sullage (Grey Water)
Water from dish wash place and kitchen can be called sullage or grey
water.
Clean Sullage -The water after washing of grains,cereals,grams
Pulses,vegetables,etc. before cooking is straightaway water for plants.
Unclean Sullage -The dish and utensil wash water ,where detergents
are used.
It can be directly used for gardening if the utensils are washed using
shikakai/ organic cleaning agents
3. Bath Room Water (Soap Water)

Bath room water is the water used for bathing and has soap in it.
The only problem with that water is it has phosphates in it.
 This water can be treated by root bed treatment and the water that is
got at the end is clean water that is equal to primary and secondary
water can be stored a used for gardening purpose.

Systems for waste water treatment
Conventional treatment system
The treatment can be carried out either in the presence of oxygen

(aerobic system) or in its absence (anaerobic system).
The aerobic process involves a higher energy input and requires

regular maintenance of the mechanical parts The land requirement is
also significant and requires a higher retention time.
On the other hand, anaerobic systems do not require higher energy
input and space. The retention time is low. However, the operation and
maintenance of the process involves a higher technical expertise as
compared to the aerobic and reed bed systems.

Artificial wetlands or reed bed systems
 Artificial wetlands and reed bed systems are based on natural

processes and are beneficial due to the simple and low operation and
maintenance costs.
They are used for the treatment of waste water from various sources
containing biodegradable compounds and were developed in 1970 by
Dr Reinfold Kickuth of Germany.
They consist of sealed filter beds comprising a sand/ gravel/soil
system with wetland vegetation such as Phragmites australis available
in most of the lakes in India
Types of reed bed species
Phragmites australis • Phragmites karka • Arundo donax • Typha
latifolia • Typha angustifolia • Juncus (bulrush) • Iris pseudocorus •
Schoenoplectus Iocustris
All helophytes with deep roots and capable of oxygenation can be
used.
Artificial wetlands or reed bed systems (contd.)
The treatment mechanism is based on a combination of physico-
chemical and biological processes.
 Root-zone reed beds can be considered as attached growth biological

reactors based on conventional trickling filters with a combination of
aerobic and anaerobic zones.
The contaminants present in waste water are degraded by the seepage

of pollutants through the root zone of the plants.
 In addition, roots of the plants provide oxygen for degradation of

organic substances.
Thus, the system utilizes a combination of plants, soil, bacteria, and

hydraulic flow systems resulting in physical, chemical, and
microbiological processes.
Advantages of a root-zone system as compared to conventional
systems
• Low capital costs
• Low operating and maintenance costs
• Non-requirement of chemicals for the treatment process
Absence of by-products requiring treatment
• No requirement of high technical expertise for operation
• Effective treatment resulting in tertiary standards
Components of a root-zone system

• Settling tank for the sedimentation and partial biodegradation of
organic matter
• Vertical root-zone treatment
• Horizontal root-zone treatment
• Treated water sump
• Screening chamber

Reuse of effluent from
wastewater treatment
plants
Outline of Effluent Reuse
Reuse of effluent from

wastewater treatment plants
is possible in a wide range
of categories, from
agricultural to potable
purpose, as shown in
Figure.
Sewerage effluent, in most
case, secondary effluent, is
recycled with or without
treatment to meet specific
quality requirement.

Effluent Reuse for Agricultural and Landscape Irrigation
Agricultural irrigation is crucial for improving the quality and
quantity of production. Worldwide, agriculture is the largest user
of water; the sector has accounted for 67% of total freshwater
withdrawal in the world in 2000. Therefore more efficient use of
agricultural water through wastewater reuse is essential for Rice farming with treated
sustainable water management. wastewater
Main benefits of effluent reuse for agricultural and landscape
irrigation include the followings.
Conservation and more rational allocation of freshwater
resources
Reduced requirements for artificial fertilizers and associated
reduction in industrial discharge and energy expenditure
Reduction of pollution load to receiving water bodies
Effluent reuse for agriculture should be practiced with good (Source: Kumamoto City, Japan)
management to reduce negative human health impacts that could
be caused by uncontrolled use, so the effluent intended for reuse
should be treated adequately and monitored to ensure that it is
suitable for the intended use.
Effluent reuse for agriculture needs to be planned with attention
to target crops and existing water delivery methods. Excess
nitrogen may cause overgrowth, delayed maturity, and poor
quality of crops.
Effluent Reuse for Urban Applications
In urban cities, recycling system of effluent will play a great roll for controlling water
consumption and reducing its pollutant load on the environment, and there are big potentials
for introducing wastewater reuse in urban cities with high rate of water usage and discharging
wastewater everyday.
Most of water used for urban activities need not have the quality as high as that of drinking
water. In most cases, secondly treated domestic wastewater followed by sand filtration
treatment and disinfections are used for non-portable purposes in urban water reuse, that is,
applications for toilet flushing in business or commercial building, car washing, garden
watering, park or other open space planting, fire-fighting snow melting and so on. Disinfection
can reduce bio film formation as well as public health minimization.
Scheme of Area Recycling System in Shinjuku, (Tokyo, Japan)

(Source : Tokyo Metropolitan Government, Japan)
Meguro River (Before) Meguro River (After)
Effluent Reuse for Environmental Water Enhancement
Effluent Reuse for Industry
Effluent Reuse for Groundwater Recharge
Potable Reuse of Effluent

Waste water recycling
CASE STUDY-1
Decentralised Waste Water
Treatment Systems in Auroville
Auroville is situated on a large plateau, about 65 metres above sea level, sloping
gently towards the Bay of Bengal.
The absence of rivers or major lakes makes it necessary to draw water needs
from underground for its present population of 1500 people.
If the projected growth rate towards a small city of 50,000 people is to be
achieved and sustained, wastewater treatment will be an essential part of the
overall city water use.
Years of experimentation
The Auroville community has been experimenting with small scale wastewater
recycling systems for over fifteen years.
During that time pilot systems were built, experience was gathered, and the
operating skills with such plants improved.
In the mid-eighties the first experiments with recycling of wastewater took place.
Absence of specialised literature and proper guidance made the small household
pioneer plants more of an exercise in trial and error learning

Waste water recycling
Decentralised Waste Water
Treatment Systems in Auroville
Auroville is situated on a large plateau, about 65 metres above sea

level, sloping gently towards the Bay of Bengal.
The absence of rivers or major lakes makes it necessary to draw water
needs from underground for its present population of 1500 people.
If the projected growth rate towards a small city of 50,000 people is
to be achieved and sustained, wastewater teatment will be an essential
part of the overall city water use.
Decentralised Waste Water Treatment
Systems in Auroville (contd.)
A dedicated group maintained the interest in the subject and relied
for expert advice and information mainly on visiting experts from
western countries.
During the nineties the preferred choice for recycling domestic
wastewater shifted towards treatment systems called planted filters.
With such natural functioning systems one could obtain a high quality
effluent.
The large space requirement for this kind of system was not viewed
as a disadvantage since the treatment systems can be beautifully
landscaped into any environment, even urban.

Decentralised Waste Water Treatment
Systems in Auroville (contd.)
Root zone treatment systems
From 1995 to 1998 Auroville participated in a European Union
funded project on Decentralised Wastewater Systems (DEWATS)
The project was executed by BORDA (Bremen Overseas Research
and Development Association), and gave Auroville the opportunity
to research and develop horizontal planted filters, also called
constructed wetlands or root zone treatment systems.
Access to expertise in the technology proved extremely beneficial for
further growth and development.
Four specially designed research plants were constructed and tested
under the project.
At present Auroville operates nearly forty treatment systems for
recycling domestic wastewater, from small individual households to
communities and small industrial units, producing effluent with
similar characteristics to domestic wastewater.
Wastewater recycling
CASE STUDY-2 CSE Building
The wastewater recycling system at CSE has been designed to treat
8000 liters per day based on the assumption that at any given
moment at least a 100 persons would be occupying the premises. The
components involved in treatment are a settler, a baffled reactor, a
planted filter and a polishing pond.
A biosanitiser, which is an additive, is used to enhance the treatment
process. The treated wastewater is stored in the polishing pond and in
an underground sump. This water is used for irrigation and recharge
purposes.
The per day irrigation requirement of the premises is about
3600 - 5000 liters. Recycling the wastewater fulfills these
requirements
.
Settler
Wastewater from the collection chamber is diverted to a settler of

2mx2mx2m dimension.
The settler is provided with a baffle wall.
The main function of the settler is to control the inflow rate and for
effective separation of sludge and scum.

Anaerobic baffled reactor
Overflow from the settler flows to the up flow baffled reactor. In
the baffled reactor different anaerobic processes are applied in
combination.
The reactor consists of a series of chambers, in which the
wastewater flows up-stream. On the bottom of each chamber
activated sludge is retained.
During inflow into the chamber wastewater is intensively mixed
up with the sludge whereby it is inoculated with wastewater
organisms, which decompose the contained pollutants.
In the first chamber the easily degradable substances are broken
down.

In the following chambers, decomposition of less
decomposable substances takes place. The
Biological Oxygen Demand or BOD reduction rate
of the baffled reactor is about 85%.
The pathogen reduction is in the range between
40-75 %. The baffled reactor is resistant to shock
load and variable inflow. The operation and
maintenance is simple and no open space
is required since it is a sub-soil construction.

The horizontal gravel filter (HGF) of 25m length, 2m breadth
and 0.6m depth is constructed for secondary and tertiary
treatment. Cana Indica is grown on the gravel filter for
effective removal of nitrate and phosphate in the treated
wastewater. Bottom slope is 1%. The flow direction is mainly
horizontal.
The main removal mechanisms are biological conversion,
physical filtration and chemical adsorption. Mechanisms of
BOD removal are mainly aerobic and anoxic. The function of
the HGF is mainly post treatment. BOD reduction rate of the
first and second filter train is 35%.
Phosphor reduction is achieved through fixation to the filter
body. Reduction of infective organisms is over 95%.
Operation and maintenance of the system is simple.

Storage sump

The final treated water from the planted filter
is stored in the 8000 liter capacity sump but
since the inlet is at a depth of 1m bgl, the
effective storage is about 5000 liters.
This water is pumped to the polishing pond
through 1HP automatic pump. Rest of the
water is used for irrigation purposes.

Polishing pond
The polishing pond is simple in
construction, operation and
meintenance. The pond is a shallow
earthen basin of 3m dia and 1m depth.
The main purpose is enrichment of
oxygen, elimination of pthogen germs
through solar radiation and
equalisation of outlet quality. Floating
hydrophytes keep algae production
controlled.

Total cost of the project: Rs.
2,25,000

Ref. Wikepedia, homeexnora.com, sustainability design manuals –TERI,
CSE,Auroville.org.

Industrial wastewater
Industry is a huge source of water pollution, it produces pollutants that are extremely
harmful to people and the environment.
Many industrial facilities use freshwater to carry away waste from the plant and into
rivers, lakes and oceans.
Pollutants from industrial sources include:
Asbestos – This pollutant is a serious health hazard and carcinogenic. Asbestos

fibres can be inhaled and cause illnesses such as asbestosis, mesothelioma, lung
cancer, intestinal cancer and liver cancer.
Lead – This is a metallic element and can cause health and environmental
problems. It is a non-biodegradable substance so is hard to clean up once the
environment is contaminated. Lead is harmful to the health of many animals,
including humans, as it can inhibit the action of bodily enzymes.

Mercury - This is a metallic element and can cause health and environmental
problems. It is a non-biodegradable substance so is hard to clean up once the
environment is contaminated. Mercury is also harmful to animal health as it can
cause illness through mercury poisoning.
Nitrates – The increased use of fertilisers means that nitrates are more often being
washed from the soil and into rivers and lakes. This can cause eutrophication,
which can be very problematic to marine environments.
Phosphates - The increased use of fertilisers means that phosphates are more often
being washed from the soil and into rivers and lakes. This can cause
eutrophication, which can be very problematic to marine environments.
Sulphur – This is a non-metallic substance that is harmful for marine life.
Oils – Oil does not dissolve in water, instead it forms a thick layer on the water
surface. This can stop marine plants receiving enough light for photosynthesis. It is
also harmful for fish and marine birds.
Petrochemicals – This is formed from gas or petrol and can be toxic to marine
life.

Most industries produce some wet waste although recent trends in the
developed world have been to minimize such production or recycle such waste
within the production process.
However, many industries remain dependent on processes that produce
wastewaters.
Agricultural wastewater treatment relates to the treatment of wastewaters
produced in the course of agricultural activities.
Iron and steel industry
The production of iron from its ores involves powerful reduction reactions in
blast furnaces.
Cooling waters are inevitably contaminated with products especially ammonia
and cyanide.
Production of coke from coal in coking plants also requires water cooling and
the use of water in by-products separation.
Contamination of waste streams includes gasification products such as benzene,
naphthalene, anthracene, cyanide, ammonia, phenols, cresols together with a
range of more complex organic compounds known collectively as polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH).

The conversion of iron or steel into sheet, wire or rods requires hot and cold
mechanical transformation stages frequently employing water as a lubricant and
coolant.
Contaminants include hydraulic oils, tallow and particulate solids.
Final treatment of iron and steel products before onward sale into manufacturing
includes pickling in strong mineral acid to remove rust and prepare the surface for tin
or chromium plating or for other surface treatments such as galvanisation or painting.
The two acids commonly used are hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid. Wastewaters
include acidic rinse waters together with waste acid.
Although many plants operate acid recovery plants, (particularly those using
Hydrochloric acid), where the mineral acid is boiled away from the iron salts, there
remains a large volume of highly acid ferrous sulfate or ferrous chloride to be
disposed of.
 Many steel industry wastewaters are contaminated by hydraulic oil also known as
soluble oil.

Mines and quarries
The principal waste-waters associated with mines and quarries are slurries of rock
particles in water.
 These arise from rainfall washing exposed surfaces and haul roads and also from
rock washing and grading processes.
 Volumes of water can be very high, especially rainfall related arisings on large
sites.
 Some specialized separation operations, such as coal washing to separate coal
from native rock using density gradients, can produce wastewater contaminated by
fine particulate haematite and surfactants.
Oils and hydraulic oils are also common contaminants.
Wastewater from metal mines and ore recovery plants are inevitably contaminated
by the minerals present in the native rock formations.
Following crushing and extraction of the desirable materials, undesirable materials
may become contaminated in the wastewater.
For metal mines, this can include unwanted metals such as zinc and other materials
such as arsenic.
Extraction of high value metals such as gold and silver may generate slimes
containing very fine particles in where physical removal of contaminants becomes
particularly difficult.
Food industry
Wastewater generated from agricultural and food operations has distinctive
characteristics that set it apart from common municipal wastewater managed by
public or private wastewater treatment plants throughout the world: it is
biodegradable and nontoxic, but that has high concentrations of biochemical oxygen
demand (BOD) and suspended solids (SS).
The constituents of food and agriculture wastewater are often complex to predict
due to the differences in BOD and pH in effluents from vegetable, fruit, and meat
products and due to the seasonal nature of food processing and post harvesting.
Processing of food from raw materials requires large volumes of high grade water.
Vegetable washing generates waters with high loads of particulate matter and some
dissolved organics. It may also contain surfactants.

Food industry
Animal slaughter and processing produces very strong organic waste from body
fluids, such as blood, and gut contents.
This wastewater is frequently contaminated by significant levels of antibiotics and
growth hormones from the animals and by a variety of pesticides used to control
external parasites. Insecticide residues in fleeces is a particular problem in treating
waters generated in wool processing.
Processing food for sale produces wastes generated from cooking which are often
rich in plant organic material and may also contain salt, flavourings, colouring
material and acids or alkali. Very significant quantities of oil or fats may also be
present.

Complex organic chemicals industry
A range of industries manufacture or use complex organic chemicals.
These include pesticides, pharmaceuticals, paints and dyes, petro-chemicals,

detergents, plastics, paper pollution, etc.
Waste waters can be contaminated by feed-stock materials, by-products, product

material in soluble or particulate form, washing and cleaning agents, solvents and
added value products such as plasticisers.
Nuclear industry
The waste production from the nuclear and radio-chemicals industry is dealt with as
Radioactive waste.

Treatment of industrial wastewater
Solids removal
Most solids can be removed using simple
sedimentation techniques with the solids
recovered as slurry or sludge.
 Very fine solids and solids with densities
close to the density of water pose special
problems.
In such case filtration or ultrafiltration may be
required. Although, flocculation may be used,
using alum salts or the addition of
polyelectrolytes. A typical API oil-water separator used in many
industries

Oils and grease removal

Many oils can be recovered from open water surfaces by skimming devices.
Considered a dependable and cheap way to remove oil, grease and other
hydrocarbons from water, oil skimmers can sometimes achieve the desired level of
water purity.
At other times, skimming is also a cost-efficient method to remove most of the oil
before using membrane filters and chemical processes.
 Skimmers will prevent filters from blinding prematurely and keep chemical costs
down because there is less oil to process.

Removal of biodegradable organics
Biodegradable organic material of plant or

animal origin is usually possible to treat using
extended conventional wastewater treatment
processes such as activated sludge or trickling
filter.
 Problems can arise if the wastewater is A typical parallel plate separator

excessively diluted with washing water or is
highly concentrated such as neat blood or milk.
 The presence of cleaning agents, disinfectants,

pesticides, or antibiotics can have detrimental
impacts on treatment processes
Activated sludge process

Activated sludge is a biochemical process for
treating sewage and industrial wastewater that
uses air (or oxygen) and microorganisms to
biologically oxidize organic pollutants,
producing a waste sludge (or floc) containing
the oxidized material.
 In general, an activated sludge process
includes:
An aeration tank where air (or oxygen) is A generalized, schematic diagram of an activated
injected and thoroughly mixed into the sludge process.
wastewater.
A settling tank (usually referred to as a
"clarifier" or "settler") to allow the waste sludge
to settle.
Part of the waste sludge is recycled to the
aeration tank and the remaining waste sludge is
removed for further treatment and ultimate
disposal
Trickling filter process

A trickling filter consists of a bed of rocks, gravel,
slag, peat moss, or plastic media over which
wastewater flows downward and contacts a layer
(or film) of microbial slime covering the bed
media.
Aerobic conditions are maintained by forced air
flowing through the bed or by natural convection of
air. A schematic cross-section of the contact face of
 The process involves adsorption of organic the bed media in a trickling filter
compounds in the wastewater by the microbial
slime layer, diffusion of air into the slime layer to
provide the oxygen required for the biochemical
oxidation of the organic compounds.
The end products include carbon dioxide gas,
water and other products of the oxidation.
As the slime layer thickens, it becomes difficult
for the air to penetrate the layer and an inner
anaerobic layer is formed.
Trickling filter process
The components of a complete trickling filter system

are: fundamental components:
A bed of filter medium upon which a layer of
microbial slime is promoted and developed.
An enclosure or a container which houses the bed of
filter medium.
A system for distributing the flow of wastewater
over the filter medium.
A system for removing and disposing of any sludge
from the treated effluent. A typical complete trickling filter system
The treatment of sewage or other wastewater with
trickling filters is among the oldest and most well
characterized treatment technologies.
A trickling filter is also often called a trickle filter,
trickling biofilter, biological filter or biological
trickling filter

Treatment of other organics
Synthetic organic materials including solvents, paints, pharmaceuticals, pesticides,

coking products and so forth can be very difficult to treat.
Treatment methods are often specific to the material being treated.
Methods include Advanced Oxidation Processing, distillation, adsorption,
vitrification, incineration, chemical immobilisation or landfill disposal.
Some materials such as some detergents may be capable of biological degradation
and in such cases, a modified form of wastewater treatment can be used.
.

Treatment of acids and alkalis

Acids and alkalis can usually be neutralised under controlled conditions.
Neutralisation frequently produces a precipitate that will require treatment as a solid
residue that may also be toxic.
 In some cases, gasses may be evolved requiring treatment for the gas stream.
Some other forms of treatment are usually required following neutralisation.
Waste streams rich in hardness ions as from de-ionisation processes can readily lose
the hardness ions in a buildup of precipitated calcium and magnesium salts.
This precipitation process can cause severe furring of pipes and can, in extreme
cases, cause the blockage of disposal pipes.
A 1 metre diameter industrial marine discharge pipe serving a major chemicals
complex was blocked by such salts in the 1970s.
 Treatment is by concentration of de-ionisation waste waters and disposal to landfill
or by careful pH management of the released wastewater.
.

Treatment of toxic materials
Toxic materials including many organic materials, metals (such as zinc, silver,
cadmium, thallium, etc.) acids, alkalis, non-metallic elements (such as arsenic or
selenium) are generally resistant to biological processes unless very dilute.
Metals can often be precipitated out by changing the pH or by treatment with other
chemicals.
Many, however, are resistant to treatment or mitigation and may require

concentration followed by landfilling or recycling.
 Dissolved organics can be incinerated within the wastewater by Advanced

Oxidation Processes.
THANK YOU

Reuse of Industrial Process Water
1)Benefits of Industrial Water Reuse
Industrial water use accounts for approximately 20% of global freshwater withdrawals. So industries
should be encouraged to invest in better water efficiency, more recycling and management for freshwater
conservation. Industrial water reuse has the following specific benefits, in addition to reduction in water
consumption and pollution load to the environment.
- Potential reduction in production costs from recovery of raw materials in the wastewater
- Less permitting and administrative burden from the reduction in wastewater toxicity and volume
- Heat recovery and reduced impacts from high temperature effluent to the ecosystem
2) Outline of Industrial Process Water Reuse
Industrial Process Water Reuse can be through internal recycling and cascading use of industrial process
water. It can also be utilized for heating in production process or making hot water for domestic use
through recovering its thermal energy.
Cost reduction potential from wastewater reuse

3) Concerns of Industrial Process Water Reuse Water quality concerns for industrial water reuse include
scaling, corrosion, biological growth, and fouling. These concerns are often interrelated one another. These
problems can be prevented by reduction of dissolved suspended solids, salts, ammonia, phosphorous and
residual organics through treatment like flocculation and filtration.
Example of Industrial Process Water Reuse (Recycling of Part Wash and Rinse Water)
The automated process utilizes various membrane technologies, as shown in the flow diagram below. For
example, oil and dirt are separated from the rinse water by an ultra filtration membrane. The detergent is
then removed from the water by reverse osmosis, and reused in the washing process. The ion-exchange
resin can be used to treat water to be recycled as rinse water as needed
The environmental and economic

Flow diagram of washing process benefits of this process are significant.
For example, the volume of water usage
and discharge is 0.5% of the previous
process.
The running cost is one-tenth of an
alternative, adsorption treatment that uses
activated carbon and ion-exchange resin.
The maintenance requirement is once a
month or less. (Asahi Engineering, 1999)
Ref. Wikepedia, CSE , Auroville

websites Gesap website
(UF: Ultra filtration, RO: Reverse Osmosis, AC: Activated Carbon,
IE: Ion Exchange resin) THANK YOU

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C2.

2 ECOLOGY & SUSTAINABLE HABITAT

WASTE & WASTE WATER

Tharkesh.BN 2 nd Sem. M.Arch. (Habitat Design) BMSCE Bangalore 2009-10

WASTE – Definition , Types, Functional Elements of Solid Waste.

WASTE WATER – Category

RESIDENTIAL - Treatment Systems

INDUSTRIAL WASTE WATER

-Industrial Water Treatment & Reuse.

Tharkesh.BN 2 nd Sem. M.Arch. 2009-10

In living organisms, waste is the unwanted substances or toxins

Waste is directly linked to human development .

The composition of different wastes have varied over time and

Some components of waste have economical value and can be

Tharkesh.BN 2 nd Sem. M.Arch. 2009-10

There are many waste types defined by modern systems of waste

 Municipal solid waste (MSW)

Tharkesh.BN 2 nd Sem. M.Arch. 2009-10

Waste handling and separation, storage and processing at the source

Separation and processing and transformation of solid wastes.

Transfer and transport

 Reduce the consumption of fresh raw materials, reduce energy

Reduce air pollution (from incineration) and water pollution (from

Lower greenhouse gas emissions as compared to virgin production.

Recycling is a key component of modern waste reduction and is the

Tharkesh.BN 2 nd Sem. M.Arch. 2009-10

Sewage (Black Water)

The used water comes separately, but it is allowed to get mixed.

 The sludge digestion is referred to the decomposition of complex

 During the detention period, the sewage is purified and the

 The anaerobic bacteria growth and multiplication is automatic but

3. Bath Room Water (Soap Water)

Tharkesh.BN 2 nd Sem. M.Arch. 2009-10

The treatment can be carried out either in the presence of oxygen

The aerobic process involves a higher energy input and requires

Tharkesh.BN 2 nd Sem. M.Arch. 2009-10

 Artificial wetlands and reed bed systems are based on natural

 Root-zone reed beds can be considered as attached growth biological

The contaminants present in waste water are degraded by the seepage

 In addition, roots of the plants provide oxygen for degradation of

Thus, the system utilizes a combination of plants, soil, bacteria, and

Components of a root-zone system

Tharkesh.BN 2 nd Sem. M.Arch. 2009-10

Outline of Effluent Reuse

Reuse of effluent from

Tharkesh.BN 2 nd Sem. M.Arch. 2009-10

Tharkesh.BN 2 nd Sem. M.Arch. 2009-10

Meguro River (Before) Meguro River (After)

Effluent Reuse for Environmental Water Enhancement

Effluent Reuse for Industry

Effluent Reuse for Groundwater Recharge

Potable Reuse of Effluent

Tharkesh.BN 2 nd Sem. M.Arch. 2009-10

Tharkesh.BN 2 nd Sem. M.Arch. 2009-10

Auroville is situated on a large plateau, about 65 metres above sea

Tharkesh.BN 2 nd Sem. M.Arch. 2009-10

Wastewater from the collection chamber is diverted to a settler of

Tharkesh.BN 2 nd Sem. M.Arch. 2009-10

Tharkesh.BN 2 nd Sem. M.Arch. 2009-10

Tharkesh.BN 2 nd Sem. M.Arch. 2009-10

Tharkesh.BN 2 nd Sem. M.Arch. 2009-10

Tharkesh.BN 2 nd Sem. M.Arch. 2009-10