Professor Dr.

Elsayed Ahmed Shalaby

Professor of Air and Soil Chemistry

Institute of Graduate Studies and Research
University of Alexandria
 Air Pollution Sources
Monitoring And Control

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 TODAY’S MESSAGE

The air pollution we create also pollutes our land and

.water

Therefore

In order to clean up our water, we must also

clean up our air!

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 Air Pollution Definition

May be defined as any substances enters the

atmosphere in concentrations high enough to cause
adverse effect on Man Animals, registration or
materials
Air Pollutants Classifications

Secondary
Primary Pollutants
Pollutants
O3
CO NO2
SO2 H2S
NO HNO3

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 Air Pollution

Emission Atmosphere Man & animals

Emission rate rate Vegetation or
material
Deposition or
Chemical reactions

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 ?Why are we concerned about air pollution

Air quality effects- air pollution can contribute to human

health problems and degrade visibility.
Land effects- pollutants deposition saturates systems and
overloads vegetation
Water quality effects- Air pollutants and toxic substances go
to water bodies as a final sink after emissions.

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• Vocabulary for Airheads

• Air Pollutants of “Water Quality” Concern

• Where air pollutants come from and their impacts

• What Has Been Done to Date

• What Still Needs to be Done

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Volatilization: to pass off in vapor.
Emissions: pollution being released into the air from sources.
Particulate matter: includes dust, soot and bits of solid
materials released into and move around in the air.
Atmospheric Transport: air pollutants traveling short or
long distances.

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 Vocabulary for Airheads

Atmospheric Deposition: the process whereby

airborne particles and gases settle to the Earth's
surface.
- Wet Deposition: pollutants deposited in rain, fog,
and snow).
- Dry Deposition: pollutants deposited with out rain,
fog or snow but in the form of airborne particles.
Atmospheric load: total amount of an air pollutant that
a water body receives.
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 Air Pollutants of “Water Quality” Concern
Nitrogen Compounds
Nitrogen is a nutrient which all things need to grow.
Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)
However, human activities contribute more nitrogen
than an ecosystem needs. Ammonia/Ammonium (NH3/NH4)
Organic Nitrogen (Org-N)

Air Pollutants of
“Water Quality” Concern continued...

Chemical contaminants
Metals (lead, cadmium, copper)
Chemical contaminants are natural or manmade
Mercury
compounds that have the potential to become toxic:
Organic Contaminants
(pesticides, PCBs, PAHs)

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 Where Air Pollutants Come From

What goes up
Stationary and area sources
Mobile sources
Agricultural sources
Natural sources
must come down
Stationary Sources
 do not move
 are thought of as large point sources
 release relatively consistent quantities
of pollutants.
Stationary Source
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Area sources:
• smaller clustered stationary
sources
• individual emissions may be low
• collective emissions can be
significant.

Area Source

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 Mobile Sources

Mobile sources:
 are capable of moving.
 can be an “on-road”
category.
 can be “non-road” or “off-
road” category.

On Road Mobile Sources

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 Agricultural Sources

Agricultural operations can

generate emissions of gases,
particulate matter, and
chemical compounds.
These emissions come from: Crops
 animal housing
 storage of animal waste
 land-applied animal waste
 crop production

Livestock 14
 Natural Sources

Natural sources of air pollutants

:include
lightning 
erupting volcano 
weather-caused forest & 
prairie fires
unconfined wild animals

Nature
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Atmospheric Deposition

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 IMPACTS OF AIR POLLUTANTS

Nitrogen Chemical Contaminants

Acid rain   Bioaccumulate

Smog (ozone and visibility)   Persist
Eutrophication 
 Bind to sediments
Accumulation in terrestrial ecosystems and in 
 Affect biological processes
drinking water

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 Removal of Gaseous
Pollutants And Fugitive Dust
Control

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 Removal of Gaseous Pollutants
and Fugitive Dust Control

Main themes

 Absorption
 Adsorption
 Catalytic & thermal oxidation
 Fugitive dust control
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 Removal of gaseous pollutants by
liquid absorption

 a basic chem. engg. unit operation.

 usually carried out in a column or tower in which the gas to be
cleaned comes into contact with fresh liquid introduced at the top;
 separation is achieved because of the solubility of the pollutants in
the liquid;
 In many applications the absorbing liquid is water (water
scrubbing).

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Absorber types

:types 3
;Plate column
;Packed column
Spray column

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Plate tower

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Packed tower Spray column

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 Practical applications
 Removal of SO2 by water, amine, alkaline (FGD);
 Removal of Nox by alkaline;
 Removal of NH3 by water, acid;
 Removal of odorous gases in oxidizing solutions;
 Removal of CO2 and H2S in amine solutions;
Advantages
 Relatively low capital cost, pressure drop and small space
requirements;
 Capable of achieving relatively high mass-transfer eff.
 Increasing the height and/or type of packing or no. of plates
can improve eff. without using a new piece of equipment;
 Ability to collect particulates as well as gases;
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Disadvantages

 May create water (or liquid) disposal problem;

 Wet product collected;
 Particulates deposition may cause plugging of
the bed or plates;
 Relatively high maintenance costs.

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 Typical example of absorptive FGD
system used in Hong Kong

 FGD in Lamma Power Station

 small scale FGD system in industrial plants

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 Adsorption

ds o r bent
o rp t i o n So l i d a
Ads

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 Adsorption of air pollutants

 A process by which residual molecular forces at

the surface of solids attract molecules of gases and
Pollutants
vapours;

 Employed to remove low conc. gases from exhaust

by allowing the gaseous solutes (adsorbate) to
intimately contact a porous solid (adsorbent);

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 For air pollution control, these gases and vapors are the pollutants which have to be separated from
the gas stream emitting into the ambient air;
 Widely used industrially for odor control and for the removal of volatile solvents (such as benzene,
ethanol, trichloroethylene) from effluent streams.
 Activated carbon is the most widely used adsorbents for air pollution control and is effective in
removing virtually all gas and vapors with molecular weights > 45.

 Activated carbon is used industrially to remove flue gas SO 2 by adsorption,

 The adsorbed product will be brought to another plant (e.g. sulphuric acid plant) for extracting
the adsorbed SO2 by heating the adsorbent.
 Adsorption can be greatly enhanced if the adsorbent possesses a large specific surface area.
 Thus adsorbents such as charcoals, activated alumina, silica gel, and molecular sieves
(aluminosilicates) are particularly effective as adsorbing agents.
 These substances have a very porous structure and their large exposed surface can take up
appreciate volumes of various gases.
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 Types & applications of adsorbents

Application Appearance Adsorbent

Organic compounds & hydrocarbons,

e.g. for solvent recovery, elimination of Pellet, granule Activated carbon
odour, purification of gases

Small hydrocarbon molecules, water,

e.g. for drying and purification of gases Granule, spheroid Silica gel

Oil vapours, water, e.g. for drying of

gases, air and liquids Granule, spheroid Activated alumina

Molecules up to 10A in size,

e.g. for selective removal of Pellet, granule, spheroid Molecular sieve
contaminants from hydrocarbons

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Adsorber

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 Advantages of adsorption

 Product recovery may be possible;

 Excellent control and response to process changes;
 No chemical disposal problem when pollutant (product) recovered and return to
process;
 Capability of systems for fully automatic, unattended operation;
 Capability to remove gaseous/vapor contaminants from process streams to extremely
low levels.

Disadvantages

 Product recovery may require an exotic, expensive distillation (or extraction) scheme;
 Adsorbent progressively deteriorates in capacity as the number of cycles increases;
 Adsorbent regeneration requires a steam or vacuum source;

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 Techniques for removal of NOx from flue gas

 Combustion modification
 Catalytic decomposition
 Selective catalytic reduction

Flue Gas Denitrification

 NOx can be controlled by modifying the combustion

conditions(post-combustion control) or by removing it from

exhaust gases(exhaust aftertreatment);
 Combustion and design modification techniques appear to be
the most economical means of reducing NOx but it is less
efficient than the exhaust aftertreatment; 33
 Catalytic decomposition

Methodology:
catalyst
2NO N2+ O2
Applicability:

 This technique is of limited usesince no

catalyst was found toprovide sufficient activity
at reasonable temp.
 Mostly used in automotive catalyst

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 Selective catalytic reduction (SCR)

Methodology:

catalyst
4NO+4NH3 +O2 4N2 +6H2O

NOx is reduced by NH3over a catalyst in the presence of O2

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Selective catalytic reduction

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 Applicability:

Most applicable to flue gases from fuel-lean firing combustion

systems

Widely used in utility boilers.

 Optimum temperature is at about 1300 K.

 TiO2and V2O5are the most commonly used catalyst.

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FUGITIVE DUST CONTROL

MEASURES

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 Sources of fugitive dust emissions

 Coal yards.

 Construction sites.

 Unpaved road surfaces

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 Sources of fugitive dust emissions

 Raw material storage.

 Demolition of building.
 Renovation of building

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 Methodology of reducing fugitive
dust emissions
1. Wet suppression
Spray of water for dust suppression;
 Only temporary & must be repeated at regular intervals.

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2. Chemical stabilization
 Salt (CaCl, MgCl):absorb& retain moisture in the surface layer
 Wetting agents & surfactants: lower the surface tension of water; rapid
penetration into the surface layer
 Dust suppressants: bind fines to large particles in the surface layer

3. Physical stabilization

Place cover on exposed surfaces to

prevent particles from

becoming airborne due to wind or

machinery action

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4. Vegetative stabilization

Deploy vegetation to control erosion

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5. Specialized techniques

A. Vehicle speed reduction –less turbulence

B. Surface cleaning –reduces re-entrainment

Manual cleaning Automatic

Cleaning system
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5. Specialized techniques

A. Vehicle speed reduction –less turbulence

B. Surface cleaning –reduces re-entrainment

C. Traffic control –reduces vehicle access

D. Windbreaks –lessens surface wind speed

E. Good operating practices

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 Air Pollution Control 3

 Vehicular air pollution control

 Control of indoor air pollution

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Methodologies of reducing vehicular emissions

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 General approaches of emission control

Good maintenance of vehicles

Good driving practice (e.g. stop engine while
waiting, avoid abrupt acceleration &
deceleration)
Use proper fuel for vehicles
Post-combustion emission controls
Use clean fuel (electric car, alternative fuel,
fuel cell)

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 Post-combustion emission controls
Gasoline vehicle
 3-way catalytic converter
 Can reduce CO, HC and NOx> 90%
 Mandatory.
Diesel vehicle

 Great particulate emission (dark smoke)

 High NOx
 HC (carcinogenic)
 CO
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 Common methods of control

 Particulate trap )

 Diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) )

) –Post-combustion
Control
 Catalyzed soot filter )

 Alternative fuels (LPG, natural gas,

bio-diesel, alcoholic fuel)

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 Diesel vehicle

Particulate trap

Diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC)

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Different types of alternative fuels For automobiles

Fuel cell Ethanol CNG Biodiesel

Electric

LPG
Hydrogen LNG Methanol

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 Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)
 Widely used in light-duty vehicles in the
world for many years, current
population: 5 million
 Mainly propane (95%) with a small
amount of butane
 a non-toxic, colorless &odorless gas.
 A clean-burning fuel
Produce fewer emissions than gasoline & diesel engine
 Longer service life & reduced maintenance costs
No cold starting problem
Engine performance is almost the same as gasoline
 No spillage problem
“Closed” filling system, so hardly contributes to “filling pollution”
which is a problem with both petrol & diesel.
 Cost
LPG vehicle is more expensive than an equivalent gasoline-powered
vehicle (fuel cost is cheaper than diesel with tax relaxation.

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 Alcoholic fuel: Ethanol
 Most widely used alternative fuel
Advantages:
 Low pollution →Improve air quality
- low emission & toxic compounds: emit almost no PM & much
less NOx than their diesel-fueled counterparts.
– combust more completely than gasoline & diesel.
– highly soluble & will disperse rapidly; biodegradable, & will
evaporate quickly if spilled on land.
 Fire safety -much less flammable than gasoline.
–less likely to ignite compared to gasolineFord

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 Advantages (cont’d):

 Fuel supply options

–can be manufactured from a variety of carbon-based
feedstockssuch as natural gas, coal, & biomass
–could diversify the country's fuel supply & reduce its
dependence on imported petroleum.
 Economically attractive
–with advances in technologies, could be produced,
distributed & sold to consumers at a competitive price

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Air Pollution Standard

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SO2 Air Quality Standards
Standards of Ambient Air Quality and Emissions in Asian Countries and Others
(Unit: mg/m3, unless otherwise indicated)
Daily Average 24-Hour Max Annual Average Country
0.15 0.50 0.06 China
- 0.03-0.12 - India
0.26 (0.1 ppm) - - Indonesia
0.37 (0.14 ppm) 0.85 (0.3 ppm) [b] - Phillipines
0.2 - 0.032 Poland
0.30 - 0.10 Thailand
1.0 (inside) 0.5 (outside) 0.10 World Bank
0.26 (0.1 ppm) [c]
0.06 (0.02 ppm) [c]
- 0.365 (0.14 ppm) [d] USA
0.08 (0.03 ppm) [d]
1.3 (0.5 ppm) [c, e]
0.40 (0.14 ppm) - 0.14 (0.05 ppm) Germany
- 0.11 (0.04 ppm) 0.26 Japan
[a] 0.03 mg/m3 for "sensitive" areas, 0.08 mg/ms for "residential and mixed use" areas
[b] One-hour average
[c] Secondary based on environmental effects
[d] Primary based on health effects on humans
[e] Maximum of 3 hours once yearly
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 NOx Air Quality Standards
Standards of Ambient Air Quality and Emissions in Asian Countries and Others
(Unit: mg/m3, unless otherwise indicated)

Daily Average 24-Hour Max Annual Average Country

0.1-0.15 0.15 0.12 China
0.0925 - 0.03-0.12 [a] India
0.093 (0.05 ppm) - - Indonesia
- 0.19 (0.1 ppm) [b] - Phillipines
0.15 - 0.05 Poland
- 0.32 [b] - Thailand
0.5 - 0.1 (0.05 ppm) World Bank
- - 0.1 (0.05 ppm) USA
0.3 (0.15 ppm) - 0.1 (0.05 ppm) Germany
0.04-0.06 - - Japan
- - 0.2 EU
[a] 0.03 mg/m3 for "sensitive" areas, 0.08 mg/m3 for "residential and mixed use" areas
[b] One-hour average 58
 Particulates Air Quality Standards

The most frequently used reference guidelines are those of the World Health Organization (WHO), the
European Union (EU), and the standards of the U.S. Environment Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). The WHO
and U.S. EPA guidelines/standards have been set based on clinical, toxicological, and epidemiological
evidence. Guideline values of ambient particulate concentrations were established by determining
concentrations with the lowest-observed-adverse-effect (implicitly accepting the notion that a lower threshold
exists under which no adverse human health effects can be detected), adjusted by an arbitrary margin of safety
factor to allow for uncertainties in extrapolation from animals to humans and from small groups of humans to
larger populations. Standards determined by the U.S. EPA also reflect the technological feasibility of
attainment.
Note: Adverse effect is defined as "any effect resulting in functional impairment and/or pathological lesions
that may affect The performance of the whole organism or which contributed to a reduced ability to respond to
an additional challenge" (see U.S. EPA, 1980). The EU guidelines have been determined by consultation and
legislative decision-making processes that took into account the environmental conditions and the economic
and social development of the various regions, and acknowledged a phased approach to compliance. A
potential trade-off was also recognized by the guidelines for the combined effects of SO 2 and particulate
matter.
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 Country Air Quality Standards for Particulates

Standards of Ambient Air Quality and Emissions in Asian Countries

(Unit: mg/m3, unless otherwise indicated)
Daily Average 24-Hour Max Annual Average Country
0.30 [a] 0.15 [b] 1.00 [a] 0.5 [b] - China
- - 0.1-0.5 [c] India
0.26 - - Indonesia
0.15 0.25 [d] - Phillipines
0.12 - 0.05 Poland
0.33 - 0.10 Thailand
- 0.50 0.10 World Bank
- 0.15 [e] 0.26 [f] 0.065 [e] 0.075 [f] USA
0.2 [g] 0.4 [h] - 0.1 [g] 0.2 [h] Germany
0.1 0.20 - Japan

[a] Total suspend [b] Fly dust

[c] 0.1 mg/m for "sensitive" areas, 0.2 mg/m for "residential" and "rural" areas, and 0.5 mg/m 3 for "industrial and mixed
3 3

use" areas
[d] One-hour average [e] Secondary based on environmental effects
[f] Primary based on health effects on humans [g] <10 um
[h] <10 um 60
EU Air Quality Standards

EU Guide Values:

Limit Values for Suspended Particulates, Sulphur Dioxide,

Oxides of Nitrogen, and Lead

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 Limit Values for Pollutants Measured

The Environmental Protection Agency Act 1992 (Ambient Air Quality Assessment and
Management) Regulations 1999 (S.I. No. 33 of 1999)
and the Air Quality Standards Regulations 2002 (S.I. No. 271 of 2002) transpose
Council Directive 96/62/EC and the first two daughter directives,
Council Directive 1999/30/EC and Council Directive 2000/69/EC into Irish law. The 2002
regulations came into force on 17th June 2002; they deal with sulphur dioxide, nitrogen
dioxide and oxides of nitrogen, particulate matter, lead, carbon monoxide and benzene in
ambient air.
A third daughter directive, Council Directive 2002/3/EC relating to ozone was published
in February 2002 and was transposed into Irish law by S.I. No. 53 of 2004. The fourth
daughter directive has not yet been finalised. It will deal with polyaromatic
hydrocarbons, arsenic, nickel, cadmium and mercury in ambient air. The tables below
set out the limit values or target values specified by the three published daughter
directives.

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 Limit Values of Directive 1999/30/EC
Limit
Limit Value Basis of Application of Limit Averaging Limit Value
Value Pollutant
Attainment Date the Limit Value Value ppb Period Objective
ug/m3
Not to be exceeded
Protection of
1 Jan 2005 more than 24 times in a 132 350 1 hour SO2
human health
calendar year
Not to be exceeded
Protection of
1 Jan 2005 more than 3 times in a 47 125 24 hours SO2
human health
calendar year
Protection of
19 July 2001 Annual mean 7.5 20 calendar year SO2
vegetation
Protection of
19 July 2001 Winter mean 7.5 20 1 Oct to 31 Mar SO2
vegetation
Not to be exceeded
Protection of
1 Jan 2010 more than 18 times in a 105 200 1 hour NO2
human health
calendar year
Protection of
1 Jan 2010 Annual mean 21 40 calendar year NO2
human health
Protection of
19 July 2001 Annual mean 16 30 calendar year NO + NO2
ecosystems
Not to be exceeded
Protection of PM10 - Stage
1 Jan 2005 more than 35 times in a 50 24 hours
human health 1
calendar year
Protection of PM10 - Stage
1 Jan 2005 Annual mean 40 calendar year
human health 1
Not to be exceeded
Protection of PM10 - Stage
1 Jan 2010 more than 7 times in a 50 24 hours
human health 2
calendar year
Protection of PM10 - Stage
1 Jan 2010 Annual mean 20 calendar year
human health 2
Protection of
1 Jan 2005 Annual mean 0.5 calendar year Lead 63
human health
Alert Thresholds
The public must be informed if the following thresholds are exceeded for three consecutive hours.

Limit Value Averaging Period Pollutant

500 ug/m3 1 hour Sulphur Dioxide
400 ug/m3 1 hour Nitrogen Dioxide

Limit Values of Directive 2000/59/EC

Limit Value
Limit Value Limit Value Averaging Limit Value
Attainment Pollutant
ppb ug/m3 Period Objective
Date
Protection of Carbon
1 Jan 2005 862 1000 8 hours
human health Monoxide
Protection of
1 Jan 2010 1.5 5 calendar year Benzene
human health
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Target Values and ozone daughter Long Term Objectives of Directive 2002/3/EC
The directive is different from the previous two in that it sets target values and long term
objectives
for ozone levels rather than limit values. They are as follows:

Target Values for Ozone from 2010

Value Parameter Objective

120 ug/m3 not to be
exceeded more than 25 days
per calendar year averaged
over 3 years
18000 ug/m3-h averaged
over 5 years
Protection of human
Maximum daily 8 hour mean
health
AOT40, calculated from 1 hour
Protection of vegetation
values from May to July

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Long Term Objectives for Ozone from 2020

Value Parameter Objective

120 ug/m3 Maximum daily 8 hour mean Protection of human health

AOT40, calculated from 1 hour

6000 ug/m3-h Protection of vegetation
values from May to July

Information and Alert Thresholds

The public must be informed if ozone levels exceed the following thresholds.

Threshold Parameter
180 ug/m3 1 hour average Information Threshold
240 ug/m3 1 hour average Alert Threshold

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 Conversion factors from ppb to ug/m3

1.91 ug/m3 1 ppb = Nitrogen dioxide

2.66 ug/m3 1 ppb = Sulphur dioxide
2.0 ug/m3 1 ppb = Ozone
1.16 ug/m3 1 ppb = Carbon monoxide
3.24 ug/m3 1 ppb = Benzene

List of Abbreviations
ug/m3 - micrograms per cubicmetre
NO2 - Nitrogen Dioxide
NO - Nitric Oxide
SO2 - Sulphur Dioxide

PM10 - Particulate Matter with a diameter less than 10 microns

AOT40 : This is a measure of the overall exposure of plants to ozone. It is the sum of the
excess hourly concentrations greater than 80 ug/m3 and is expressed as ug/m3
hours. Only values measured between 08:00 and 20:00 Central European Time
each day from May to July are used for the calculation. (The name AOT40 refers
to 40ppb which is the same as 80 ug/m3).

67
The following is a worked example:

Difference between previous Ozone Concentration ug/m3 Central European Time Local Time Ireland
column and 80 ug/m3
63 00:00 23:00
70 01:00 00:00
65 02:00 01:00
Not counted before 08:00
63 03:00 02:00
45 04:00 03:00
54 05:00 04:00
56 06:00 05:00
55 07:00 06:00

Only values greater than 80 count 55 08:00 07:00

0 62 09:00 08:00
0 51 10:00 09:00
0 70 11:00 10:00
12 92 12:00 11:00
10 90 13:00 12:00
2 82 14:00 13:00
7 87 15:00 14:00
11 91 16:00 15:00
10 90 17:00 16:00
9 89 18:00 17:00
4 84 19:00 18:00
Not counted after 20:00 85 20:00 19:00
83 21:00 20:00
70 22:00 21:00
60 23:00 22:00
65 ug/m3 hours AOT40 = sum of values in the 4th column = 68
 World bank
Background

In 1998, the World Bank Group has issued Thermal Power: Guidelines for
New Plants, which define procedures for establishing maximum emission levels for
fossil-fuel based thermal power plants with a capacity of 50 or more megawatts of
electricity (MWe) that use coal, fuel oil, or natural gas. The guidelines include
emission limits for particulate matter, SO2 and NOx for various types of power plants,
including engine-driven power plants. The guidelines also include ambient air quality
standards, as well as provisions applicable to noise, liquid effluents, and solid wastes
from power plants.
The guidelines have been adopted to assist the World Bank in making funding
decisions for new power plants. However, internationally, the World Bank’s guidelines
have been widely used as the minimum norm if the host country does not have its own
69
 Engine Emission Standards
Background
The maximum emission levels are expressed as concentrations, to facilitate
monitoring. The emission limits are to be achieved through a variety of control and fuel
technologies, as well as through good maintenance practice. Dilution of air emissions to
achieve the limits is not acceptable.
The following are emission limits for engine driven power plants:
Particulate matter. PM emissions (all sizes) should not exceed 50 mg/Nm3.
Sulfur dioxide. Total SO2 emissions should be less than 0.20 metric tons per day
(tpd) per MWe of capacity for the first 500 MWe, plus 0.10 tpd for each additional
MWe of capacity over 500 MWe. In addition, the SO2 concentration in flue gases
should not exceed 2,000 mg/Nm3, with a maximum emissions level of 500 tpd.
Nitrogen oxides. Provided that the resultant maximum ambient levels of nitrogen
dioxide are less than 150 µg/m3 (24-hour average), the NOx emissions levels should be
less than 2,000 mg/Nm3 (or 13 g/kWh, dry at 15% O2). In all other cases, the maximum
NOx emission level is 400 mg/Nm3 (dry at 15% O2).

70
Ambient Air Quality

24-hour
Annual average Pollutant
average

50 150 PM10

80 230 Total suspended particulates (TSP)a

100 150 NO2

80 150 SO2

a - Measurement of PM10 is preferable to measurement of TSP

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 Basic
Air Pollution Monitoring

72
Introduction

Why we need taking Air Pollution Monitoring?

How importance of getting Good Quality data.

Gas Pollutants Measurement.

Particulate Matter Measurement

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Air Pollution Monitoring

How bad the air we breathe?

Setting up fixed air monitoring stations at selected
location for collecting air quality data continuously.
Use of Database.
Review Air Pollution Control policy.

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 Getting Good Quality Data

Garbage In Garbage Out (GIGO).

Prepare Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for
concerned station staff to perform selected task
work.
Setting up QA/QC program.

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 Gas Pollutants Measurement

Sulfur Dioxide (SO2).

Oxide of Nitrogen ( NO - NO2 - NOx).

Ozone (O3).
Carbon Monoxide (CO)

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 Sulfur Dioxide Analyzer
Pulsating UV Light used as
exciting source.
Absorbs light in 230 nm-190 nm
region.
Excited SO2 emit a characteristic
radiation from higher state back to
ground state.
Photomultiplier tube converts the
radiation into electrical signal
proportional to the SO2 concentration.

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 Oxide of Nitrogen Analyzer
Gas-phase reaction of nitric oxide (NO) and ozone (O 3) produces a characteristic
luminescence. (NO + O3 ---> NO2 + O2 + hv).
Light emission take-place when excited NO2 decay to lower energy state.
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) must first be transformed into NO before it can be measured using
the chemiluminescent reaction. A molybdenum converter heated to 325 degree C to convert
NO2 to NO via the reaction: (3 NO2 + Mo ---> 3 NO + MoO3)

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 Ozone Analyzer
 UV photometer determines ozone concentration by measuring the attenuation of light due
to ozone in the absorption cell.
 Absorption wavelength is 254 nm.
 The concentration of ozone is directly related to the magnitude of the attenuation.

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 Particulate Matter Measurement

Total Suspended Particulate (TSP).

Respirable Suspended Particulate (RSP).
PM10 Sampling System
PM2.5 Sampling System
Type of Filter Media
Criteria for Filter Selection
80
Manual Reference Method Sampling Equipment (I)

Total Suspended Particulate (TSP) High

Volume Air Sampler (particle size < 100 um):
flow-rate adjustable ranging from 20 to 60
cubic feet per minute (cfm).
Mass flow controller and Volumetric Flow
Controller are widely used for keeping constant
flow-rate during collecting particulate matter.

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Manual Reference Method Sampling Equipment (II)

Respirable Suspended Particulate (RSP) PM10

High Volume Air Sampler: design flow-rate is 40
cfm (1.13 cmm). Flow controllers used as same as
TSP sampler.
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Manual Reference Method Sampling Equipment (III)

 PM2.5 Fine particulate standard is

published in the Federal Register dated
July 18, 1997.
 Four types of samplers are currently in
use including Single channel,
Sequential, Portable Audit and
Speciation sampler.

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 Type of Filter Media

Cellulose Fiber Filter (TSP) 8” x 10”

Glass Fiber Filter (TSP) 8” x 10”
Quartz Fiber Filter (PM10) 8” x 10”
Quartz Fiber Filter (PUF) 102 mm Circle
Teflon Filter
Pallflex TX40 Filter
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 Criteria for Filter Selection
 Particulate sampling efficiency
 Mechanical stability
 Chemical stability
 Temperature stability
 Blank concentration
 Flow resistance
 Loading capacity
 Compatibility to chemical analysis

85
 Reference Material
 www.cse.polyu.edu.hk/~airlab
 www.epa.gov/ttn
 Federal Register, 40CFR part 50,51,52,53 and 58,
Reference Method for the Determination of
Suspended Particulate Matter in the Atmosphere
(High Volume Method).
 Quality Assurance Handbook for Air Pollution
Measurement System, Volume II, Ambient Air
specific Methods.

86
Indoor and outdoor air pollution

Air Pollution Control

87
 Air Pollution Control

Topics to be covered:

 Approaches of air pollution control.

 Considerations in selecting APC equipment
 Different types of dust control equipment
 Fugitive dust control
 Gaseous pollutants control
 Vehicular pollutants control
 Indoor air pollutants control

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 Approaches of Air Pollution Control
1. LIMITATION / PROHIBITION OF EMISSIONS BY MEANS OF LAWS /
LEGISLATIONS.

 Determine which substances should be limited, and to what extent they

should be limited,
 Determine the effects of each substance on health, damage to property &
esthetic values,
 Find out the interaction of different pollutant substances etc.

This can further be classified into 2 categories:

a. Long –term control
b. Short-term control
LONG-TERM CONTROL:
Involves a legislated set of measures to be adopted over a multi-year period

89
LONG-TERM CONTROL:
Involves a legislated set of measures to be adopted over a multi-
year period

90
 Figure 1 Elements of a comprehensive air pollution control strategy for a region
Comprehensive air pollution control
strategy

Long-term Control Sort-term control

Programmed reduction Immediatereduction in

Urban planning Rescheduling of
Rescheduling of in the quantity of
and zoning material emitted activities emissions
activities

Requirements for long-term planning Requirements for real-time control

 Air quality objective  Air quality objective

 Airshed model  Dynamic model
 Survey of control techniques and costs  Rapid communications
 Meteorological probabilities  Strict enforcement of measures 91
Level 1990 Country

8%- EU countries

7%- .U.S.A

6%- Japan

0 Russia, New Zealand

8%+ Australia

10%+ Ireland

92
:SHORT-TERMCONTROL (episode control)

involves shutdown & slowdown procedures that are

adopted over periods of several hours to several days
under adverse meteorological conditions

93
 Element of a real-time air pollution control system.

Meteorological
prediction

Prediction -
simulation Air quality

Alert level
Emergency
Control Atmosphere
procedures Emission
Emission sources
standards Emission
standard
enforcement
Stack
Monitoring system
Automatic air
monitoring network

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 Approaches of Air Pollution control (cont.)

2. PREVENTION

Approaches of Air Pollution control (cont.)What

means are available to prevent air pollution from
occurring?

Aside from shutting down all polluters, there are

means available or potentially available to remove
all or part of the pollutants to the extent necessary to
prevent serious atmospheric contamination. Air
pollution control devices

Air pollution control devices

95
 What are the driving forces
for controlling air pollution?

1) Environmental protection
2) Occupational health consideration in workplace
3) Social consideration
4) Legal limitation imposed by government

What considerations should be

Taken When selecting air pollution
control equipment?

96
1. Environmental

 Ambient conditions

Maximum allowable emissions (emission standard)

 Contribution of APC system to wastewater, land

pollution and noise pollution problems

Aesthetic considerations (visible steam etc.)

97
98
2. Engineering
 Contaminant characteristics.
 Gas stream characteristics.
Design & performance characteristics of the
particular control system.

3. Economic
 Capital cost (equipment, installation, engineering, etc.).
 Operationcost (utilities, maintenance, etc.).
 Expected equipment lifetime and salvage value

The final choice of equipment is usually dictated by that

equipment capable of achieving compliance with regulatory
codes at the lowest cost (total cost include capital cost,
maintenance and operation costs).
99
 It should be noted that:

In view of the relatively HIGH COSTS often associated with pollution control
system, engineers today are directing considerable effort toward PROCESS
MODIFICATION to eliminate as much pollution problem as possible at the
source.
 Evaluating alternative manufacturing & production techniques:
e.g. use of LPG stove instead of wood stove in producing lotus
moon cake
 Substitution of raw materials:
e.g. substitute high S fuels by low S fuels
 Improved process control methods:
e.g. NOx reduction by better controlling combustion process 100
 Different Types of Air Pollution Control Equipment

1) Mechanical Collector. 5) Absorber.

2) Baghouse. 6) Adsorber.

3) Electrostatic Precipitator 7) Incinerator

8) Condenser
4) Wet Scrubber

Particulates
Gaseous removal
removal

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 Commonly used air pollution control
methods/techniques

 Industrial application.

- particulate matter (PM)

- gaseous pollutant

 Fugitive emission control.

 Vehicular emission control.

 Indoor air pollution control

102
 Commonly used equipment for particulate control

PM removal Electrostatic precipitator (ESP)

Widely used to reduce particulate emissions in many industrial

applications,

 Designed to collect particles & liquid aerosols at a very high

collection eff. (>99%).

 Capable to handle large exhaust gas volume at high temp.,

therefore widely used in utility boilers, incinerator, cement kilns,
furnaces.

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104
105
 Advantages
High removal efficiency (>99%) for coarse and fine particulate
Very small particles can be collected
Dry dusts can be collected for recovery of valuable material (e.g. fly ash)
Small pressure and temperature drops
Designed to operate continuously with little maintenance over long periods of
time
 Few moving parts –reduce maintenance
 Can be used at high temp. (700°C) & high pressure (<150 psi)
 Can be used to collect acid and tar mists which are difficult to be removed by
other methods
 Can handle very large gas flow rates (> 2 x 106m3/hr)
 Low power consumption and hence low operating cost
106
 Disadvantages Application area

 Incinerator,
 High capital cost
 utility boiler,
 Not easily adaptable to variable condition
 furnaces,
(i.e. flows, temp., particulate loadings)
 refineries, smelters,
 Some particles with extremely high or low
 paper mills,
resistivity are very difficult to be collected
 small household air-conditioning

system

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 PM Removal
Fabric filter
 It is one of the most common techniques for collecting dust.
 A filter generally is any porous structure composed of granular or fibrous material
which tends to retain the particulate as the carrier gas passes through the voids of the filter.
 Two basic types of filters are usually used:-
Disposable and non-disposable (more commonly used industrially)

108
A typical baghouse

109
 Advantages Disadvantages
 Temp. > 300°C require special refractory
 Extremely high collection eff. on both coarse mineral or metallic fabrics that are still in the
and fine particulates (> 99.9%). developmental stage.
 Conc. of some dusts in the collector (~59 g/m3)
may cause explosion hazard if a spark or flame
 Collected dust is recovered dry for is admitted by accident. Fabrics can burn if
subsequent processing/disposal readily oxidizabledust is being collected

Application area
 Vacuum cleaner,
 air conditioning system,
 ash and material handling plant,
 power plant,
 cement plant, etc.

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