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Control of Gene Expression

Gene Expression and Development
DNA Technology


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A. Role of Gene Expression

B. Gene Expression in Prokaryotes
C. Gene Expression in Eukaryotes
A. Role of Gene Expression

1. Genome ² complete genetic

material of an individual
(found in each cell)
2. Gene expression is the
activation of a gene that
results in the formation of a
protein_
B. Gene Expression in Prokaryotes
1. Structural gene ² a gene
that codes for a polypeptide
(AUG-Stop)
2. Promoter ² segment of DNA
to which RNA Polymerase
binds (TATA Box)
3. Operator ² DNA segment
that serves as the binding
site for a repressor
protein_
B. Gene Expression in Prokaryotes
4. Operon ² DNA sequence
from promoter through
structural genes
5. Inducer ² molecule that
initiates gene expression
(lactose)
6. Terminator ² DNA sequence
that marks the end of the
gene or operon_
C. Gene Expression in Eukaryotes

1. Pre-mRNA ² initial form of

mRNA composed of introns
and exons
2. Exons ² segments of mRNA
that will be translated into
protein (expressed)
(exported)
3. Introns ² segments of mRNA
that will not be translated
into proteins (in between)
(inert)
4. Transcription factor ²
special protein (hormone)
that must bind to an
enhancer region of DNA for
gene expression _
C. Gene Expression in Eukaryotes

5. Insulator ² blocks one

enhancer from stimulating
the production of another
gene _
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A. Development
B. Cancer
A. Development

1. Cell Differentiation ² the

development of cells having
specialized functions
2. Morphogenesis ²
development of overall form
of an organism
3. Homeotic genes ² genes that
determine where anatomical
structures will form
a. Homeobox ² sequence of
180 nucleotides that are
common to homeotic
genes_
B. Cancer

1. Benign tumor is a mass of

normal cells
2. Malignant tumor is a mass of
cancer cells
a. cancer is a disease caused
when cells divide and
grow out of control
b. when cancer spreads it is
called metastasis_
3. Causes of Cancer

a. Carcinogen ² substance that

increases the risk of
cancer (tobacco,
radiation)

b. Mutagen ² agents that cause

mutations (changes in
DNA)

c. Oncogene ² gene that causes

cancer (proto-oncogene)

d. Tumor-suppressor genes ²
prevent uncontrolled
cell division_
4. Treatments

a. radiation

b. chemotherapy_
5. Types of Cancer

a. Carcinoma ² cancer of the

skin or tissues that line
organs

b. Sarcoma ² cancer of the

bone or muscles

c. Lymphoma ² cancer of the

bone marrow that can
lead to leukemia_
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A. Genetic Engineering
B. DNA Techniques
C. Uses of DNA Technology
A. Genetic Engineering

1. DNA technology is any tool

used in genetic engineering,
or applying genetics for a
practical purpose
2. Restriction enzymes ²
enzymes that cut DNA into
manageable pieces
3. Sticky ends ² single chain
´tailsµ of DNA_
A. Genetic Engineering

4. Cloning vector ² carrier used

to clone a gene and transfer
it to another organism
(plasmid or virus)
5. Plasmid ² ring of bacterial
DNA other than main
chromosome
6. Donor gene can be cloned
after being spliced
(recombinant DNA) into
target cells of new
(transgenic) organism
Example- insulin gene_
B. DNA Techniques

1. DNA Fingerprint ² pattern

of bands made up of specific
fragments from an
individual·s DNA as read by
RFLP analysis ² (Restriction
fragment length
polymorphism)
2. Gel electrophoresis ² used
to separate and view DNA
fragments using radioactive
probes and electrical
charges_
3. Polymerase Chain Reaction
(PCR) ² process used to
quickly copy DNA when only
a small amount is available
a. requires DNA
polymerase, and
nucleotides, (same as
DNA replication) and
usually primers
b. heating DNA breaks
hydrogen bonds
c. cooling allows new DNA
double strands to form_
C. Uses of DNA Technology

1. Human Genome Project ²

complete sequence of human
DNA plus a map of location
of all genes
2. Gene Therapy ² treating
genetic disorders by adding
good genes or correcting
bad genes
3. Pharmaceuticals ² drugs and
vaccines can be engineered
to treat disease or prevent
disease
4. Donor Library ² Thousands
of plasmids are already
available carrying donor
fragments_
C. Uses of DNA Technology

5. Crops are engineered to

yield more food while being
more resistant to herbicides
and diseases_
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