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 WHAT IS DISASTER?
ë A situation wherein normal living conditions
are seriously disrupted

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mire Typhoon
Pollution Tsunami
Civic Disturbance Volcanic Eruptions
Epidemic mlood
Earthquake
Landslide
IN ORDER TO AVERT DISASTER,
WHAT SHOULD WE DO?

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 mire Behavior

mire has been both a help and a hindrance to

mankind throughout history. mire has heated our
homes, cooked our food, and helped us to
become technologically advanced. mire, in its
hostile mode, has also endangered us for as long
as we have used it.
 Triangle of mire

mor many years, the fire

triangle (oxygen, fuel
OXYGEN HEAT
and heat) was used to
teach the components of
fire. While this simple
example is useful, it is
NOT technically correct. mUEL
 mire Tetrahedron
mor combustion to occur,
four components are
necessary:
ëOxygen (oxidizing agent)
ëmuel
ëHeat
ëSelf-sustained chemical
reaction
 mire Tetrahedron

Each component of the tetrahedron must

be in place for combustion to occur. Remove one
of the three components and combustion will
not occur. If ignition has already occurred, the
fire is extinguished when one of the
components is removed from the reaction.
Stages of mire
ë Ignition
ë Growth
ë mlashover
ë mully-Developed
ë Decay
 mire Tetrahedron
ë c
  c  
 are those
materials that yield oxygen or other oxidizing
gases during the course of a chemical
reaction. Oxidizers are not themselves
combustible, but they support combustion
when combined with a fuel.

ë muel is the material or substance being

oxidized or burned in the combustion process.
 mire Tetrahedron
ë O
 is the energy component of the fire tetrahedron. When
heat comes into contact with a fuel, the energy supports the
combustion reaction.

ë Combustion is a complex reaction that requires a fuel (in the

gaseous or vapor state), an oxidizer, and a heat energy to
come together in a very specific way. Once flaming
combustion or fire occurs, it can only continue when enough
heat energy is produced to cause the continued development
of fuel vapors or gases. Scientists call this type of reaction a
͞chain reaction͟. A m
 
m is a series of reactions that
occur in sequence with the result of each individual reaction
being added to the rest.
 mire Development
When the four
components of the fire
tetrahedron come
together, ignition occurs.
mor a fire to grow beyond
the first material ignited,
heat must be
transmitted beyond the
first material to
additional fuel packages.
 TEMPERATURE RISE

mLASH-OVER
POST mLASH-OVER

GROWTH

IGNITION

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 Stages of mire
ë Ignition. Describes the period when the four
elements of the fire tetrahedron come
together and combustion begins

ë Growth. Shortly after ignition, a fire plume

begins to form above the burning fuel. As the
plume develops, it begins to draw or entrain
air from the surrounding space into the
column
 Stages of mire continued. . .
ë mlashover. Is the transition between the
growth and the fully developed fire stages and
is not a specific event such as ignition. During
flashover, conditions in the compartment
change very rapidly as the fire changes from
one that is dominated by the burning of the
materials first ignited to one that involves all
of the   m 
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the compartment
 Stages of mire continued. . .

ë mully developed Stage. Occurs when all

combustible materials in the compartment are
involved in the fire.

ë Decay. As the fire consumes the available fuel

in the compartment, the rate of heat released
begins to decline
 Products of Combustion

1. Heat
2. Light
3. Smoke
4. Toxic Gases
 Physiological Effects of Hypoxia
(Reduced Oxygen)
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 mire Extinguishment Theory
mire is extinguished by limiting or interrupting
one or more of the essential elements in the
combustion process (fire tetrahedron). A fire may
be extinguished by:

* Reducing its Õ 


* Removal of available 
* Exclusion of c

* Inhibition of 
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 Classes of mire
CLASS A

ë mires involving ordinary combustibles such as:

wood, paper, cloth, plastics and rubber.
ë It can be extinguished with water, water-based
agents or foam, and multi-purpose dry
chemicals.
ë Water is usually used by the fire dept.
CLASS B

ë mires involving flammable and combustible

liquids, gases and greases such as: gasoline,
oils, alcohol, propane and cooking oils.
ë Common extinguishing agents are carbon
dioxide (CO2), regular and multi-purpose dry
chemical and foam.
CLASS C

ë mires involving energized electrical equipment,

which eliminates the use of water-based agents
to put them out.
ë The recommended method of fighting these fires
is to turn-off or disconnect electrical power and
then use an appropriate extinguisher depending
on the remaining fuel source.
ë Extinguishing agents includes carbon dioxide
(CO2), regular and multi-purpose dry chemical.
CLASS D

ë mires involving combustible metals and alloys

such as: magnesium, sodium, lithium, and
potassium.
ë Great case must be used when attempting to
extinguish in these types of fuels.
ë Extinguishing agents for this class of fire are
called dry powders and should not be
confused with dry chemical.
Class K

ë Is a new classification of fire as of 1998 and

involves fires in combustible cooking fuels
such as vegetable or animal oils and fats.
ë Its fuels are similar to Class B fuels but
involves high temperature cooking oils and
therefore have special characteristics.
ë Class K agents are usually wet chemicals.
Class E

ë Nuclear installation/reactor/nuclear chemical

fires.
 Portable mirst Aid Appliance

ë Is a device within its chemical, fluids,& gases

for extinguishing and used for small area of
fire.
ë Is designed to fight small incipient or unusual
ones that are not easily put out of water.
ë mormerly known as ͞fire extinguisher͟
 Limitations
ë It is important to note that fire extinguishers
have limited capabilities, and trying to exceed
those capabilities can increase the damage
done and cause injuries.

ë They are designed for specific purpose.

ë It is usually a first aid method for fire extinguishers.
ë They are designed and rated with certain types and
sizes of fires in mind.
 PmAP Cardinal Rule

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 PARTS

ë Handle ë Siphon tube

ë Operation lever ë Label
ë Safety pin ë Inspection tag
ë Safety pin lock ë Hose
ë Pressure gauge ë Nozzle
ë Cylinder
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 SYMBOLS
ë Ordinary Burning Materials ʹ Green background,
Triangular Shaped with class letter at the center (A)
ë mlammable and Combustible Liquid ʹ Red background,
Square Shaped with class letter at the center (B)
ë Energized Electrical Equipment ʹ Blue background,
Circular Shaped with class letter at the center ( C )
ë Combustible Metals ʹ Yellow background, star shaped
with class letter at the center ( D )
ë Combustible Cooking muel ʹ Red background with
special emphasis on the label discovered/introduced in
1998. Class (K)
 LPPSS OPERATION
You must familiarize yourself with $$
ë - Lift the unit at the carrying handle
ë $ - Pull the pin
ë $ - Point nozzle at the base of fire
ë  ʹ Squeeze the Operation Lever/Handle
ë  - Sweep side-to-side/back-and-forth
(depending on the surface area of the burning
material or Sweeping Motion)
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 mIRE SAmETY PLAN
The fire safety plan is a very important part of
the overall fire and life safety program within
the building.

Its purpose is to prevent potential injuries and

deaths and to protect your residential and/or
company from damage or loss due to fire.
 Every business establishment should have
a fire safety plan, which should be reviewed
with all new employees when they begin their
job and with all employees when the plan is
changed.
 PRE-mIRE AND OTHER EMERGENCY
PLANNING
mire Hazard

Any condition or act which increases or may

cause an increase in the probability of the
occurrence of fire, or which may obstruct, delay,
hinder or interfere with the fire fighting
operations and the safeguarding of life and
property.
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1. Identify Problem Areas (Potential Hazard)
a. People Action
b. Sources of Ignition
c. mlammable, Combustible & other Hazardous Materials (Toxic
Materials)
d. Equipment mailures

2. Availability of mire mighting Equipment and mire Protection

Devices/Systems
a. Where is it located?
b. How it works?
c. How to use it?

3. Preparing Emergency Action Plan

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1. How to call the Local mire Station

2. Emergency Escape & Evacuation Procedure
3. Listing of Workplace Hazard
4. How to properly store mlammable, Combustible Toxic &
Other Hazards
5. Availability and conditions of mire mighting Equipment &
Other Devices
6. Who will be maintaining & operating the following mire
mighting Equipment
7. Standard Housekeeping Procedures
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' Map the complete layout of the building, verifying all the exit
locations, occupied rooms, offices, incorporating the property lot and
building size measurement, highlighting street access and names,
noting any other vital firefighter entry information.

' Document the locations of the onsite fire extinguishers, fire

hoses, standpipe stations, fire alarm system & detection devices,
emergency lighting, fire pumps, sprinkler risers & Siamese
connections, etc.

' Describe fire alarm system specifications, including the

operation sequence of the control panel and layout of all fire detection
devices (i,e. heat and smoke detectors, fire bells, pull stations, also any
auxiliary shut downs, door releases and monitoring agency functions
and information).
' Outline the preventative maintenance program, including
servicing requirements, monthly inspections and tests, performance
details, and fire logging methods pertaining to the audit of all the fire
protection equipment within the building.

' Provide sample signage indicating overall floor plans, each exit
within the building and the location of the fire extinguishers, fire hoses
and stations, fire alarm & devices, emergency lighting, sprinklers
systems, emergency gas and water shut off valves and electrical
disconnect switches.

' Outline fire drills intervals, occupant emergency evacuation

procedures and alternative measures in fire emergency situations.

' Indicate of all on-site fire hazards and measures to be taken by

the supervisory staff and fire wardens.
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 1 
 ORGANIZATION
A mire Brigade in any plant, facility or institution shall be organized. It shall be
composed of a.) firefighting of a firefighting or operating group and b.) support or
evacuation group. The organization shall have the following objectives:
1. To enable mngt. to conduct an effective safety program;
2. To lessen potential loss by anticipating possibilities & instituting appropriate
procedures;
3. To promote fastest & most desirable reaction of the personnel institution in dealing
with emergencies;
4. To re-establish normal conditions with little confusion & as promptly as possible;
5. To secure better employee/mngt. relations by obvious preparations for
emergencies;
6. To imbibe people with responsibilities for dealing with fires & other disasters a
sense of having taken all possible steps to meet likely situations; and
7. To establish necessary liaison with the appropriate government & private agencies
concerned & acquire the necessary support & cooperation.
In it simplest form, this organization is:

U Headed by a mire Marshal assisted by the selected personnel;

U The size of the facility, the presence of unusual hazards, the
potential magnitude of the fire or any other emergencies; and
U Availability of the local fire department will determine the
nature and size of protection and organization to be provided.

Members of the mire Brigade should be regular plant

employees from all departments. They should be available to
answer all alarms and to attend required training sessions.
Minimum physical requirement should be established, but a
periodic physical examination is desirable.
 mIRE BRIGADE ORGANIZATION
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 Members and Duties
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ë Shall be responsible for the implementation of fire prevention and

safety measures;
ë Responsible for maintaining an up-to-date record of all members;
ë Coordinate with all departments when a fire and evacuation drill is
held;
ë Report all deficiencies including the life safety systems for
corrective action;
ë Responsible for submission of the fire and evacuation drill report
and recommendations for improvement;
ë Prepares evacuation plan; and
ë Reports all types of fire and emergency incidence;
Deputy mire Marshal:
ë Assist the mire Marshal;
ë Assumes duties of mire Marshal in case of his absence.
mloor Captains and Alternates:
ë Responsible to the mire Marshal on matters pertaining to fire
prevention and control his floor;
ë Immediate charge of all occupants on his floor in case of
emergency;
ë Responsible for the maintenance of all aisles and
passageway especially those leading to exits to be clear of
obstructions;
ë Assigns Room Captains, Exit Guards, Searches, mire
Extinguisher/Hose Operations in his floor;
ë Submit an up-to-date record for mire Brigade Members on
his floor to the mire Marshal.
Room Captains

ë Supervises firefighting and evacuation activities of his

area of responsibility during actual emergency drills;
ë At sound of the alarm, reports to the mloor Captain for
orders;
ë Upon orders to evacuate, organizes his group and
moves the group through pre-planned evacuation
routes to its assigned evacuation areas;
ë Conducts immediate head-count at evacuation area to
see if anyone is missing.
Exit Guards

ë At sound of the alarm, reports to the mloor/Room

Captain for orders;
ë Leads evacuation column thru pre-planned
evacuation routes to assigned evacuation areas;
ë Opens fire exit doors, keeping it open until all
members of his group have left the floor area;
ë mollow tail end of evacuation column and keep order
in the line; and
ë Receives advice from searchers when the floor area is
cleared upon which the exit door is closed.
Searchers

ëAt sound of the alarm, reports to Room Captain for orders;

ëSearches rooms, offices, washrooms and other spaces where
they may be persons who did not hear the alarm and were not
aware of evacuation orders; and
ëAdvises the exit guards when the room or floor is cleared and
joins the evacuation column.
mire Extinguisher Operations and Alternates:

lUpon receipt of alarm, proceeds to assigned portable

fire extinguisher;
lIf the fire is located in his area of assignment takes fire
extinguisher assigned to him and proceeds to the scene
of fire to extinguish the fire;
lIf the fire is in other floors or areas, stands by the fire
extinguisher and awaits orders from mloor Captain;
lJoins evacuation column after the room or floor area
is cleared, bringing with him portable fire extinguisher,
if necessary; and
lReturns fire extinguisher to proper place after actual
emergency drill.
mire Hose Operators and Alternates

'Upon receipt of the alarm, proceed immediately to

the fire hose they are assigned;
'If the fire is in their area of assignment, pulls out fire
hoses assigned to them and proceeds to the fire scene
to extinguish the fire;
'If the fire is located in other floors, stands by the fire
hose they are assigned and awaits orders from mloor
Captain; and
'Upon orders to evacuate, joins the evacuation
column to designated evacuation area.
 Other Units or Support Groups
ë Rescuers
ë Locates victims still at endangered areas;
ë Extricate victims when found, if necessary;
ë Stabilizes victims and bring them to a place of safety;
ë Joins evacuation column upon orders of the mire Marshal;
and
ë Joins wrap-up activities at evacuation area and awaits
further orders from the mire Marshal.

ë mirst Aid Nurses and Medical Attendants

ë Provides first aid treatment;
ë Assist in the evacuation of injured victims to hospitals; and
ë Joins wrap-up activities at evacuation areas and awaits
further orders from the mire Marshal.
Security Guards:
ë At sound of the alarm, notifies the Local mire
Department thru whatever means available;
ë Determines location of the fire and notifies the mire
Marshal and mloor Captains;
ë Secure immediate areas around the place of emergency
including the designated evacuation areas;
ë Maintains orderly traffic movement and see that fire
lanes being used by responding fire apparatus and
other emergency units are not obstructed; and
ë Stays at assigned post until properly relieved and awaits
final instructions from mire Marshal during and after
wrap-up activities.
 mire Safety Credo
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THANK YOU VERY MUCH