Introduction

to
Lot-by-lot
Acceptance Sampling
Techniques
by
Attributes
 Topic Outcome:
At the end of this topic, students will be able to:
Discuss the properties of an operating-characteristic
(OC) curve.
Design, construct, and use an OC curve.
 Topic Outline:
Operating Characteristics (OC) Curve [Lengkok
Ciri-ciri Pengendalian]
Introduction.
Methods of calculating the probability of acceptance.
Construction of an OC curve using Poisson
Distribution.
Different between Type A and B OC curves.
Properties of an OC curve
 Operating-Characteristic (OC)
Curve – An Introduction
 An OC curve is a graph of Lot Nonconforming (or Percent
Nonconforming, 100p0) versus Probability that a sampling
plan would accept the lots,
lots Pa (or Percent of Lots
Accepted, 100Pa).
 Material with 0 nonconforming

a
 Accepted always

P001
 Pa = 1.0
 Material with 100% nonconforming
 Rejected always 100p0
 Pa = 0
 What is the usage of OC curves?
It shows the chance of a lot being
accepted for a particular incoming process
quality.
quality

It shows the discriminatory power of a sampling

plan.
 Ideal OC Curve
• All lots >5%
nonconforming have
[or Percent of Lots Accepted,100Pa]

a probability of
acceptance of 0.
Probability of Acceptance, Pa

1.0
• All lots <5%
nonconforming have
a probability of
Acceptance

Rejection
Region

Region
0.5 acceptance of 1.0.

0
5.0 10.0
Percent Nonconforming (100p0)
 In actual practice, no sampling plan exists that can be
discriminate perfectly.
perfectly
 There is always a risk of rejecting a “good” lot and
accepting a “bad” lot.
 The best we can do is to control the risks.
 Probability of Acceptance, Pa
[or Percent of Lots Accepted,100Pa]

0.5

0
1.0
 Non-Ideal OC Curve

5.0 10.0
Percent Nonconforming (100p0)
 Summary of common probability distributions

Probability Distributions

Discrete Continuous

Uniform Uniform

Binomial Normal

Pascal (negative binomial) Exponential

Geometric Gamma

Hypergeometric Erlang

Weibull
Possion
Methods of Calculating the Probability of Acceptance:
For attribute sampling, the following distributions are used to
calculate the probability of acceptance.
Distribution Formula Conditions

Hypergeometric 1) Population is
CdDCnN−−dD FINITE.
P( d ) = 2) Random sample is
N
Cn taken without
D!
•
( N − D )! replacement.
d !( D − d )! ( n − d )!( N − D − n + D )! 3) n/N ≤ 0.10  can
P( d ) =
N! be approx. by
n!( N − n )! binomial distribution.
Distribution Formula Conditions

Binomial 1) For discrete

probability
n!
P( d ) = p0d q0n − d distributions that have
d!( n − d )! an infinite number of
items or that have a
steady stream of
items from a work
center.
Distribution Formula Conditions

Poisson 1) Sample size ≥ 16

2) n/N ≥ 0.10
3) p0 < 0.1 (on each trial)

P( c ) =
( np0 ) c − np
e 0
When these
c!
assumptions are
met, the Poisson
Distribution is
preferable because
of the ease of
calculation.

Poisson distribution is an excellent approximation to binomial

for almost all sampling plans
P(d) = probability of d nonconforming units in a sample of size n.
CnN = combinations of all units.
CdD = combinations of nonconforming units.
CnN−−dD = combinations of conforming units.
N = number of units in the lot (population).
n = number of units in the sample.
D = number of nonconforming units in the lot.
d = number of nonconforming units in the sample.
N-D = number of conforming units in the lot.
n-d = number of conforming units in the sample.
p0 = proportion nonconforming in the population.
q0 = proportion conforming (1-p0) in the population.
c = count, or number, of events of a given classification
occurring in a sample.
np0 = average count, or average number, of events of a given
classification occurring in a sample.
Construction of an OC curve using Poisson
Distribution (Single Sampling Plan)
Lot size, N = 3000
Sample size,n = 89
Acceptance number, c = 2
Conditions of using Poisson Distribution:
1) Sample size ≥ 16  OK
2) n/N ≥ 0.10  0.03
3) p0 < 0.1 (on each trial)  ??
Binomial Distribution can be used  for simplicity  Poisson Distribution
is employed.
OBJECTIVE  100p0 vs. 100Pa
• Lot size, N = 3000
• Sample size,n = 89
• Acceptance number, c = 2

100p0 vs. 100Pa

Assumed Process Probability of

Quality Acceptance
(Poisson
p0 = 0.02 Distribution)
Poisson Table
or
Computer Software
(EXCEL)
(1) Obtaining Pa value from Poisson Table

np0 = (89)(0.02) = 1.8

Acceptance number, c = 2
Possible to have 0, 1, or 2 nonconforming units in the sample.
Pa = P0 + P1 + P2
= P2 or less
= 0.731
Pa value is obtained from Poisson
Table for c = 2 and np0 = 1.8

np0 = number of nonconforming

(2) Obtaining Pa value from EXCEL

Steps:
1) Click icon of fx.
2) Function Category: Statistical.
3) Function name: Poisson.
4) Click OK
5) x(number of events) = 2
6) Mean (np0) = 1.8
7) Cumulative: Type in “TRUE” [note: “FALSE”  non-
cumulative]
Answer = 0.731
Syntax:
POISSON(x,mean,cumulative)
Steps of Constructing an OC curve:

1) Assume p0 value
2) Calculate np0 value
3) Attain Pa values from Poisson Table using applicable c
and np0 values or from EXCEL program
4) Plot point (100p0 vs.100Pa)
5) Repeat steps 1 to 4 until a smooth curve is obtained.

Approximately 7 points are needed to describe the curve

with a greater concentration of points where the curve
changes direction.
Assumed Process Number Probability of
Quality nonconformin Acceptance
p0 100p0 n np0
g Pa 100Pa
0 0 89 0 1 100
0.0025 0.25 89 0.2225 0.998 99.8
0.005 0.5 89 0.445 0.989 98.9
0.0075 0.75 89 0.6675 0.970 97.0
0.01 1 89 0.89 0.939 93.9
0.0125 1.25 89 1.1125 0.898 89.8
0.015 1.5 89 1.335 0.849 84.9
0.0175 1.75 89 1.5575 0.794 79.4
0.02 2 89 1.78 0.736 73.6
0.0225 2.25 89 2.0025 0.676 67.6
0.025 2.5 89 2.225 0.616 61.6
0.0275 2.75 89 2.4475 0.557 55.7
0.03 3 89 2.67 0.501 50.1
0.0325 3.25 89 2.8925 0.448 44.8
0.035 3.5 89 3.115 0.398 39.8
0.0375 3.75 89 3.3375 0.352 35.2
0.04 4 89 3.56 0.310 31.0
0.0425 4.25 89 3.7825 0.272 27.2
0.045 4.5 89 4.005 0.237 23.7
 OC Curve

100

90
It shows the chance of a
Percent of Lots Accepted (100Pa )

80

70 lot being accepted for a

60 particular incoming
50

40
process quality.
30

20 e.g.:
10
• Incoming process
0
0 1.5 3 4.5 6
Percent Nonconforming (100p0)
quality = 2.3%
• 66% of the lots is
expected to be
accepted.
The above OC curve is unique to the single
sampling plan defined by N = 3000, n = 89, and c = 2.

If this sampling plan does not give the desired

effectiveness then the sampling
effectiveness, plan should
be changed and a new OC curve should be
constructed and evaluated.
evaluated
OC curve for Double Sampling Plans
OC curve for Multiple Sampling Plans
Difference between
Type A and Type B
OC Curves
Difference between Type A and Type B OC
Curves
Lot Size
Binomial Distribution
OC Curve Properties
Sample size as a fixed percentage of lot size
Fixed sample size
As sample size increases, the curve becomes steeper
As the acceptance number decreases, the curve
becomes steeper
END