EASUN REYROLLE

CAPACITOR BANK
PROTECTION
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INTRODUCTION
ES ER
Power transfer = SIN   
X
 The phase angle between the voltages at the sending end
and receiving end cannot exceed a certain critical value.

 Excessive voltage drops between the ends of the feeders.

 Unequal sharing of the load between parallel feeders.

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REACTIVE POWER EQUIPMENTS

 SERIES CAPACITORS

 SHUNT CAPACITORS

 SHUNT CONNECTED REACTORS

 SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES
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TYPE OF CAPACITORS
 TANK TYPE

 UNIT TYPE

TYPE OF CONNECTIONS
 SERIES CONNECTED

 SHUNT CONNECTED
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ES ER ES ER
RL XL RL XL XC

I I
ES

ES
 
L
IX

ER ER

IR
IR

 

L
IX
C
IX
I I

I (XL - XC ) Sin 
I R Cos  I XL Sin 
I R Cos 

APPROXIMATE VOLTAGE DROP APPROXIMATE VOLTAGE DROP

= I R Cos  + I XL Sin  = I R Cos  + I (XL - XC ) Sin 
Equivalent circuit of a transmission line with
a SERIES CAPACITOR at the receiving end
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Distance
Load point

With capacitor

Voltage drop

Without
capacitor

Effect of SERIES CAPACITOR on line voltage drop

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ES ER ES ER
XL XL XC

I ES I

IX
C

I XL Cos 
IX  IX
L L
  ES
= ES Sin  I (XL- XL ) Cos 
ER ER = ES Sin 
 
I XL Sin  I (XL- XL ) Sin 
I I

POWER TRANSFERED POWER TRANSFERED

ES Sin E E ES Sin E R ES
 ER Cos  R S Sin  ER Cos  Sin
X L Cos XL  X L  X C  Cos  X L  XC 

EFFECT OF SERIES CAPACITOR ON TIE FEEDER

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EFFECTS OF COMPENSATION ON THE

LINE REACTANCE WITH SERIES CAPACITORS
 INCREASED LINE CARRYING CAPACITY

 IMPROVED LOAD SHARING IF TWO OR MORE

PARALLEL FEEDERS ARE CONNECTED

 AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE REGULATION AND

REDUCE FLICKERING

 INCREASE ABILITY OF THE TIE FEEDER TO

TRANSFER MORE POWER AND THERE BY
INCREASE THE STABILITY OF THE SYSTEM
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EG Z=R+jX EM
IL
IM
M

FEEDERS
GEN IC

SHUNT CAPACITOR

IL EM

IC
IM

SHUNT CAPACITOR SUPPLYING KVAR REQUIRED BY A MOTOR

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ES Z=R+jX I ER

LOAD
FEEDERS
GEN IC
SHUNT CAPACITOR

ES C
IC X IC R IX
R IC
B OA - VOLTAGE AT LOAD - ER
X IR OB - SENDING END VOLTAGE
ER WITHOUT CAPACITOR
O OC - SENDING END VOLTAGE
IR A
WITH CAPACITOR - ES
R IR X IX
IX
I APPROXIMATE VOLTAGE DROP
= R IR + X IX - X IC

EFFECT OF SHUNT CAPACITORS ON VOLTAGE DROP

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ES C
X IC
R IX
IC
R IC
B
X IR

IR ER
O
A

R IR X IX

IX
I APPROXIMATE VOLTAGE DROP
= R IR + X IX - X IC

EFFECT OF SHUNT CAPACITORS ON VOLTAGE DROP

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Capacitor
voltage rise

Distance
Voltage

Load point

Resultant
voltage drop

Voltage drop
due to load current

Effect of SHUNT CAPACITOR on line voltage drop

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EFFECTS OF COMPENSATION
WITH SHUNT CAPACITORS
 REDUCES LAGGING COMPONENT OF CIRCUIT CURRENT

 INCREASES VOLTAGE REGULATION IF CAPACITOR IS

SWITCHED PROPERLY

 REDUCED LINE CURRENT LOSSES DUE TO THE

REDUCTION IN REACTIVE POWER TRANSFER

 IMPROVE POWER FACTOR OF THE SOURCE GENERATOR

 DECREASES KVA LOADING OF THE SOURCE GENERATOR

AND CIRCUITS TO RELIEVE AN OVERLOADED CONDITION
OR RELEASES CAPACITY FOR ADDITIONAL LOAD
GROWTH
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EFFECTS OF COMPENSATION
WITH SHUNT CAPACITORS
 BY REDUCING KVA LOAD ON THE SOURCE GENERATOR,
ADDITIONAL KW LOADING MAY BE PLACED ON THE
GENERATOR IF TURBINE CAPACITY IS AVAILABLE.

 TO REDUCE DEMAND KVA WHERE POWER IS

PURCHASED CORRECTING TO 100% POWER FACTOR
MAY BE ECONOMICAL IN SOME CASES (TWO-PART
TARIFF)

 REDUCES INVESTMENT IN SYSTEM FACILITIES PER KW

OF LOAD SUPPLIED.
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SERIES VS SHUNT CONNECTION

 SERIES AND SHUNT CAPACITORS SERVE A
SIMILAR PURPOSE IN IMPROVING OPERATING
CONDITIONS

 SERIES CAPACITORS COMPENSATE LINE

REACTANCE

 SHUNT CAPACITORS COMPENSATE THE

PHASE ANGLE
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SERIES VS SHUNT CONNECTION

 IF THE TOTAL LINE REACTANCE IS HIGH, SERIES CAPACITORS ARE
VERY EFFECTIVE AND STABILITY IS IMPROVED

 IF VOLTAGE DROP IS A LIMITING FACTOR, SERIES CAPACITORS ARE

EFFECTIVE AS IT IS AN AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE REGULATOR

 VOLTAGE REGULATION WILL BE IN DELAYED STEPS FOR SHUNT

CAPACITOR BANKS DUE TO NUMBER OF SECTIONS IN SERVICE

 WITH SERIES CAPACITOR REDUCTION IN LINE CURRENT IS SMALL

AS IT COMPENSATES ONLY FOR LINE INDUCTANCE

 CAPACITOR HAS TO CARRY THE LINE CURRENT AND HAVE

SUFFICIENT PROTECTION TO PREVENT DAMAGE FOR LARGE
THROUGH FAULT CURRENTS
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GENERAL PROTECTION REQUIREMENT

 INDIVIDUAL CAPACITOR FUSING

 GROUP FUSING

 PROTECTIVE RELAYS

 SURGE PROTECTION BY LIGHTNING ARRESTER

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PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS

FOR SERIES CAPACITORS

 UNBALANCE PROTECTION

 SPARK GAP PROTECTION

 MOV (NON-LINEAR RESISTOR PROTECTION)

 SHORT CIRCUIT PROTECTION

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PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS
FOR SHUNT CAPACITORS

 UNBALANCE PROTECTION

 OVERCURRENT PROTECTION

 OVER VOLTAGE PROTECTION

 UNDER VOLTAGE PROTECTION

 TIMER FOR SUCCESSIVE SWITCHING

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Relay

Relay

Relay
Current Unbalance Protection for
Star connected bank (Two limbs per phase)
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Relay

Relay

Relay
Current Unbalance Protection for
Star connected bank (Two limbs per phase)
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R
Y Relay
B

Voltage Unbalance Protection for

Split star connected bank
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R
Y Relay
B

Current Unbalance Protection for

Split star connected bank
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Relay

Voltage Unbalance Protection for

Star connected bank
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Relay

Voltage Unbalance Protection for

Delta connected bank
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CAPACITORS CAN WITHSTAND

POWER FREQUENCY OVERVOLTAGE
AS PER ANSI 18-1980 & IEC 871-1
MULTIPLES OF DURATION
RMS VOLTAGE (SECS)
1.1 CONTINUOUS
1.15 1800
1.2 300
1.3 60
1.4 15
1.7 1
2.0 0.3
2.2 0.12
2.7 0.02
3.0 0.01

CONTINUOUS CURRENT OF 1.3 TIMES IRMS AT RATED SINUSOIDAL

VOLTAGE AND RATED FREQUENCY EXCLUDING TRANSIENTS

CAPACITOR UNITS RATED ABOVE 600V SHALL HAVE AN INTERNAL

DISCHARGE DEVICE TO REDUCE THE RESIDUAL VOLTAGE TO 50V
OR LESS IN FIVE MINUTES
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TYPICAL UNBALANCE CURRENT FORMULA

NUMBER OF GROUPS IN
IL
SERIES PER PARALLEL PATH = 2S

NUMBER OF UNITS PER GROUP = N

GROUP GROUP
A1 C1
NUMBER OF UNITS FAILED IN
TO TO
ONE GROUP = n

V
GROUP
AS
GROUP
CS
LOAD CURRENT UNDER
HEALTHY CONDITION
IL 
IU XC
P.U. OVER VOLTAGE

n  4 S  3

GROUP GROUP
B1 RELAY

4 S  N  n   3n
D1

TO TO

GROUP GROUP
BS DS UNBALANCE CURRENT
n
IU  IL
4S  N  n   3n
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TYPICAL CAPACITOR BANK PROTECTION

R
Y
B

MIT
114
MVT
181

MIT CAPACITOR BANK

161
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TYPICAL CAPACITOR BANK PROTECTION

R
Y
B

MIT
114

MVT MVT
171 181
CAPACITOR BANK