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The scientific study of behavior and mental processes

and how they are affected by an organism¶s physical,
state, mental state, and external environment.
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The scientific study of behavior and mental processes

and how they are affected by an organism¶s physical,
state, mental state, and external environment.

‡ Scientific study requires several things:

1. Theoretical framework
2. Testable Hypotheses
3. Empirical evidence
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The scientific study of behavior and mental processes

and how they are affected by an organism¶s physical,
state, mental state, and external environment.

‡ Behavior and mental processes include overt,

observable instances but also include subtle
kinds of instances, like brain activity.
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The scientific study of behavior and mental processes

and how they are affected by an organism¶s physical,
state, mental state, and external environment.

‡ Humans and may other creatures included in the

scientific study of behavior and mental processes
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The scientific study of behavior and mental processes

and how they are affected by an organism¶s physical
state, mental state, and external environment.

‡ Physical state relates primarily to the organism¶s

biology - most especially the state of the brain
and central nervous system
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The scientific study of behavior and mental processes

and how they are affected by an organism¶s physical
state, mental state, and external environment.

‡ Mental state does not have to be conscious - can

study mental states in many creatures without
their conscious awareness - and can be studied in
terms of brain activity.
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The scientific study of behavior and mental processes

and how they are affected by an organism¶s physical
state, mental state, and external environment.

‡ All organisms function in an environment that is

constantly presenting them with problems and
challenges that must be solved.
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The scientific study of behavior and mental processes

and how they are affected by an organism¶s physical
state, mental state, and external environment.

‡ Most people think of psychology as the study of

differences between people, but it also includes
the study of similarities between people.
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'inds of Psychologists: (all scientists)

‡ Cognitive ‡ Cognitive Neuroscience

‡ Social ‡ Evolutionary
‡ Developmental ‡ Educational
‡ Health
‡ Clinical
‡ Human Factors
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1. Critical thinking - assess claims on the basis of

 
 


   - not on
emotional or anecdotal reasoning.

2. Involves asking questions - one of the most

important is, ³WHY?´

3. Involves defining terms - must be clear and

concrete
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Ë. Involves examining evidence - ³Let me have my

opinion!´ doesn¶t count

5. Involves analyzing assumptions and biases -

scientific thinkers do not take anything as proven
fact and work hard to overcome their own biases in
thinking
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Š. Involves avoiding emotional reasoning - do not let

gut feelings replace clear thinking - emotional
conviction does not settle arguments

7. Involves avoiding oversimplification - the obvious

answer is often wrong and misleading - do not
argue based on own anecdotal evidence
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m. Involves consideration of other interpretations - the
best interpretations are supported by the most
evidence and explain the most variables

9. Involves tolerating uncertainty - sometimes

evidence is unclear or does not even exist

10. Involves asking questions that can be tested in

this world
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What is the difference between these two statements?

1. I like Fords better than Hondas.

2. Fords are better than Hondas.

And what about this statement?

3. Fords are the best in the world and Hondas do not

exist; they are a conspiracy of the Japanese
government.
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1. Taking a look at Psychology by asking five broad
questions.
‡ How did we get here?
‡ How do we act?
‡ How do we think/know?
‡ How do we interact?
‡ How do we differ?
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2. We will always be asking how the physical state
of an organism and its environment
simultaneously influence an organism¶s behavior
and mental processes.

3. We will spend a lot of time discussing how people

are similar and some time talking about how they
are different.
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Ë. We will draw on what we know about other
critters to help us understand ourselves.

5. We will study and critique all kinds of ideas about

the way people work.

Š. We will learn a set of theoretical tools in the

beginning of class and continue to use them
though out the course.
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Examples of ideas that we will discuss and evaluate:

‡ What happens to our brains when we eat

chocolate?

‡ Are women just gold-diggers and men just

superficial?

‡ How do people overdose on drugs?

‡ Why are we fooled by magic tricks?

 r
!
"    # 


Examples of ideas that we will discuss and evaluate:

‡ Why can children learn any language while

adults have to work so hard to learn a second
language?
‡ Why is Jamie Lee Curtis a man genetically?

‡ What is stem cell research and why do we care?

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‡ Most psychologists don¶t ask about how we got
here. They only study how things work now that
we are here.

‡ 'nowing how we got here helps us understand why

we work the way we do.

‡ Evolution is crucial for understanding psychology!


 

 


    
)*
‡ Most psychologists agree that bodily organs
evolved to serve a function.

‡ However, many of them also believe that the

mind/brain and behavior did not evolve to serve
a function.
‡ They believe that our brains and behavior
transcend biology!
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1. Social scientists don¶t tend to ask questions like,

³How did we get here?´

‡ Without this question we have no complete

theory of human psychology
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2. Can only ask "#r questions ± not r"+ questions.

‡ No way to study what the mind is for, or what it is

designed to do.

‡ Can only study how the mind works.

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3. Traditional psychology has to work through trial-
and-error to discover the mind¶s operating principles

‡ No overarching theory that guides inquiry about

³mind design´
‡ Trial-and-error approach can lead to bind alleys

SCIENTIFIC
BLIND ALLEY
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Ë. An artificial line is drawn between the Social and the
Natural sciences.

‡ Our biology makes everything we do possible ±

including social interactions and learning

‡ All of science is a coherent enterprise ± can¶t

have contradictions across fields

‡ We are not above our biological nature!

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5. It assumes that humans born as a blank slate.

‡ All living things are born with important

preparations for living

‡ Just because a trait is not present at birth does

not mean that it is acquired through experience
(ie. Puberty) ± process of Maturation
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Š. It assumes that differences among people arise
primarily from different experiences and cultures.

‡ Genes also contribute to differences between

individuals

‡ Experience has to act on something ± a biological

organism

‡ Genes and environment always working together

to mold an individual