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DEFINITION
Soldering involves joining two
components of metal with an
intermediate metal whose melting
temperature is lower than the parent
metal.
REQUIREMENTS OF A
SOLDER
Fuse safely below the sag or creep
temperature of the parent alloy.
Resist tarnish and corrosion.
Non pitting.
Free flowing.
Match the color of the parent metal.
COMPOSITION OF SOLDERS
Gold
Silver
Copper
Tin
Zinc
Gold solders are designated by
fineness.
SOLDERING FLUX
Flux means flow.
Improve the flow of a metal
Chemicals that limit the flow of metals
are called antifluxes
FUNCTIONS OF A FLUX
PROTECTOR
It covers the metal surface and prevents oxide
formation.
REDUCER
It helps to reduce the oxides present on the
metal surface.
SOLVENTS
It dissolves any oxide presence and removes it.
COMPOSITION OF A FLUX
Borax glass
Boric acid
Silica
ANTIFLUX
Used to control the flow of the metal.
Most common anti-fluxes used is
graphite.
Better fluxes like Rouge in chloroform
can be used.
SOLDERING INVESTMENT
This are silica –bonded investments
that fused quartz.
Fused quartz is used because it is the
lowest thermally expanding form of
silica.
SOLDERING FOR METAL
CERAMIC RESTORATION
It is usually done prior to ceramic
application hence it is also known as
pre ceramic soldering.
Post ceramic materials are also
available.
Pre ceramic soldering is done at a
temperature of 1075 to 1120 degree
celsius whereas post ceramic soldering
should be done at a temperature of
920 degree celsius because ceramic
may begin to sag at higher
temperatures.
Post ceramic soldering should be done
after ceramic firing.
Ceramic portions should be finished
only afetr soldering.
ADVANTAGES OF PRE
CERAMIC SOLDERING
The metal framework can be soldered
and tried in prior to ceramic build up.
Minor casting errors can also be
patched up during ceramic build up.
DISADVANTAGES OF PRE
CERAMIC SOLDERING
Difficult to build ceramic on
already soldered units.
ADVANTAGES OF POST
CERAMIC SOLDERING
Porcelain can be properly build up
due to better access.
DISADVANTAGES OF POST
CERAMIC SOLDERING
The metal and porcelain may sag at high
soldering temperatures.
It is more technique sensitive.
The solder should be re-glazed and re-fired.
OVEN SOLDERING
Performed under vacuum or air.
A piece of solder is placed in the joint
space and it is heated to a standard
temperature in the furnace.
Superior joint strength.
DISADVANTAGES
soldering.
Protective eyewear is necessary.
LASER WELDING
Done to join Ti components of dental
crowns, bridges and partial denture frame
works.
Pulsed high power Neodymium lasers are
used.
Low thermal influence preferred in
dentistry.
Superior joint strength.
SOLDERING TECHNIQUE
Not economical.
CERAMIC/ACRYLIC
VENEERING
• The ceramic or acrylic veneers in metal
resin or metal ceramic restorations are
usually added after soldering.
• Ceramic veneering is done in 3 steps
1. METAL PREPARATION.
2. PORCELAIN APPLICATION.
3. PORCELAIN FIRING.
METAL PREPARATION
• Any minor casting defects in the cut back
area should be corrected.
• Recovery includes sand-blasting and
ultrasonic cleaning.
• The gingival surface of the pontic should be
reduced.
• Gingival surface of the pontic should always
be covered with porcelain.
PORCELAIN APPLICATION
After preparing the metal, an opaque
layer of porcelain should be applied over
the metal surface.
Gingival surface of porcelain is coated
with cervical porcelain.
Layer of cervical, body and incisal
porcelains should be used to build up the
facial surface.
Porcelain in the interdental area should
be sectioned to demarcate junction of
the two units.
A separating liquid is applied over the
edentulous ridge prior to building up the
gingival surface of the pontic.
PORCELAIN FIRING
• Next the porcelain is fired as per the
manufacture’s instruction.
• After firing the core porcelain, glaze
porcelain is added and fired as usual.
ACRYLIC VENEERS
• Similar to ceramic veneering except for
a few differences.
• Major difference is that only
mechanical bonding exists between
the metal and resin.
• Bond strength is considerably less.
PROCEDURE
• Mechanical undercuts can be created by
sprinkling plastic retentive pearls over the
wax pattern before casting.
• The surface of the cast metal can be
roughened using Al2O3 air abrasive unit.
• A small quantity opaque resin is added onto
the metal surface. Body shade resin is
added over the opaque resin and contoured
using a modelling instrument.
• The resin should be polymerised under
pressure in a warm water bath. Light
cure resins are also available.
• Resin core should be carved to remove
excess material. Space should be
provided to accommodate incisal
shade resin.
• Finally incisal shade resin is added and
contoured.
• After polymerization, the restoration is
finished and polished
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