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Household and Firm
Behavior in the
Macroeconomy:
A Further Look
Prepared by:
© 2007 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics 8e by Case and Fair
Household and Firm
Behavior in the
Macroeconomy:
30
Chapter Outline
Households: Consumption and
A Further Look Labor Supply Decisions
The Keynesian Theory of Consumption: A Review
The Life-Cycle Theory of Consumption
The Labor Supply Decision
Interest Rate Effects on Consumption
Government Effects on Consumption and Labor
Supply: Taxes and Transfers
A Possible Employment Constraint on Households
A Summary of Household Behavior
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HOUSEHOLDS: CONSUMPTION AND LABOR
SUPPLY DECISIONS
APC =
Y
Although the idea that consumption depends on income is
a useful starting point, it is far from a complete description
of the consumption decision.
TP A HC
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HOUSEHOLDS: CONSUMPTION AND LABOR
SUPPLY DECISIONS
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HOUSEHOLDS: CONSUMPTION AND LABOR
SUPPLY DECISIONS
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HOUSEHOLDS: CONSUMPTION AND LABOR
SUPPLY DECISIONS
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HOUSEHOLDS: CONSUMPTION AND LABOR
SUPPLY DECISIONS
Prices
nominal wage rate The wage rate
in current dollars.
services.
Households look at expected future real wage rates as well as the current real wage rate
in making their current consumption and labor supply decisions.
TP A HC
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HOUSEHOLDS: CONSUMPTION AND LABOR
SUPPLY DECISIONS
Holding everything else constant (including the stage in the life cycle), the more wealth
a household has, the more it will consume, both now and in the future.
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HOUSEHOLDS: CONSUMPTION AND LABOR
SUPPLY DECISIONS
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HOUSEHOLDS: CONSUMPTION AND LABOR
SUPPLY DECISIONS
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HOUSEHOLDS: CONSUMPTION AND LABOR
SUPPLY DECISIONS
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HOUSEHOLDS: CONSUMPTION AND LABOR
SUPPLY DECISIONS
The following factors affect household consumption and labor supply decisions:
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HOUSEHOLDS: CONSUMPTION AND LABOR
SUPPLY DECISIONS
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HOUSEHOLDS: CONSUMPTION AND LABOR
SUPPLY DECISIONS
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HOUSEHOLDS: CONSUMPTION AND LABOR
SUPPLY DECISIONS
FIGURE 17.4 Labor Force Participation Rates for Men 25 to 54, Women 25
to 54, and All Others 16 and Over, 1970 I–2005 II
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FIRMS: INVESTMENT AND EMPLOYMENT
DECISIONS
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FIRMS: INVESTMENT AND EMPLOYMENT
DECISIONS
Employment Decisions
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FIRMS: INVESTMENT AND EMPLOYMENT
DECISIONS
labor-intensive technology A
production technique that uses a
large amount of labor relative to
capital.
capital-intensive technology A
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FIRMS: INVESTMENT AND EMPLOYMENT
DECISIONS
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FIRMS: INVESTMENT AND EMPLOYMENT
DECISIONS
At any given level of the interest rate, expectations are likely to be more optimistic
and planned investment is likely to be higher when output is growing rapidly than
when it is growing slowly or falling.
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FIRMS: INVESTMENT AND EMPLOYMENT
DECISIONS
INVENTORY INVESTMENT
The Role of Inventories
stock of inventories (end of period) = stock of inventories (beginning of period)
+ production – sales
INVENTORY INVESTMENT
The Optimal Inventory Policy
An unexpected increase in inventories has a negative effect on future production, and
an unexpected decrease in inventories has a positive effect on future production.
The level of a firm’s planned production path depends on the level of its expected
future sales path. If a firm’s expectations of the level of its future sales path decrease,
the firm is likely to decrease the level of its planned production path, including its
actual production in the current period. Current production depends on expected
future sales.
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FIRMS: INVESTMENT AND EMPLOYMENT
DECISIONS
The most important points to remember about the relationship among production, sales,
and inventory investment are:
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FIRMS: INVESTMENT AND EMPLOYMENT
DECISIONS
FIGURE 17.5 Plant and Equipment Investment of the Firm Sector, 1970 I–2005 II
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FIRMS: INVESTMENT AND EMPLOYMENT
DECISIONS
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FIRMS: INVESTMENT AND EMPLOYMENT
DECISIONS
FIGURE 17.7 Plant and Equipment Investment of the Firm Sector, 1970 I–2005 II
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PRODUCTIVITY AND THE BUSINESS CYCLE
productivity, or labor productivity Output
per worker hour; the amount of output
produced by an average worker in 1 hour.
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PRODUCTIVITY AND THE BUSINESS CYCLE
Productivity figures can be misleading when used to diagnose the health of the economy
over the short run, because business cycles can distort the meaning of productivity
measurements. Output per worker falls in recessions because firms hold excess labor
during slumps. Output per worker rises in expansions because firms put the excess labor
back to work. Neither of these conditions has anything to do with the economy’s long-run
potential to produce output.
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THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN OUTPUT
AND UNEMPLOYMENT
“Law” predicts.
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THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN OUTPUT
AND UNEMPLOYMENT
The relationship between output and unemployment depends on the state of the economy
at the time of the output change.
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THE SIZE OF THE MULTIPLIER
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REVIEW TERMS AND CONCEPTS
Y
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