Cell division

→ CELL CYCLE, MITOSIS

 The necessity for cell
division in living organisms.
 Most of the cell in our body are
continuously growing, dividing and
dying.
 Dead cells must be replaced with
new cells.
 Process of every cells making a copy
of itself through a process called
mitosis.
* Cork is dead at maturity and doesn't expand
 In plant : Meristematic tissue
(terminal buds, vascular cambium,
Vascular cambium

Terminal buds

cork cambium
 Cell
division

Nuclear Cytoplasmic
division division
(
cytokinesis )

Examples :
2. Developing of human zygote
3. Binary fission
 A human zygote developing into a
foetus

Zygote zygote begins to divide

Binary fission
 The significance of
mitosis
 Mitosis is the process of nuclear
division which result in the formation
of two genetically identical daughter
nuclei.
 Significant of mitosis
i. essential in replacing dead cells
ii. Allows damage cell to be repaired,
replaced and
regenerated.
 Chromosomes and
chromosomal number
Cells Somatic
cells
gametes
 Somatic cells → mitosis
reproductive cells (gametes) →
meiosis
 Number of chromosomal
- onion – 16 chromosomes
- Drosophila – 8 chromosomes
 Chromosomes in nucleus exist in pairs
= diploid.
chromat
id
sentro
mer
 In human, one set of chromosomes consists
of 23 chromosomes. Hence , our somatic
cells have 46 chromosomes arranged in 23
pairs or 2n=46.
 The two chromosomes in each pairs have
the same structural features and are
referred to as the homologous
chromosomes.
 Each member of the matching pair is called
homologue.
 One of the chromosomes is of paternal
origin, whereas the other is of maternal
 CELL CYCLE
 The cell cycle is the period that
extends from the time of new cell is
produced until the time the cell
completes a cell division.
 2 major phase : interphase ( G1, S, G2 )
: M phase (mitosis +
cytokinesis)
CELL CYCLE
MITOSIS ANIMATION
 INTERPHASE
 Accounts for 90% of cell cycle.
 G1 : Chromosomes are extremely
fine and cannot be seen under light
microscope.
 S : Synthesis of DNA occurs
Prophase Metaphase anaphase telophase Cytokinesis

STAGES OF
MITOSIS
 The importance of
controlled mitosis
 Genetic information carried by the
chromosomes is necessary for the
proper funtioning of an organisms.
 To ensure the genetic information
content and the number of
chromosomes in the parent cells are
maintained in the daughter cells
from one generation to the next.
 The rate and timing of cell division in
animals and plants are important for
The effects of uncontrolled
mitosis
 When a cell divides through mitosis
repeatedly, without control and regulation,
it can produce cancerous cells.
 Cancer is a genetic disease cause by
uncontrolled mitosis due to severe
disruption to the mechanism that controls
the cycle cells.
 Cancerous cell :
- divides freely
- compete with the surrounding normal
cell to obtain sufficient nutrients and
energy.
- can intrude and spread to other tissue
 Cancer can be caused from :
- damage to the DNA
- mistakes that occurs in the genes
- certain chemical compounds like tar
and tobacco
- carnigenic compound such as
formaldehyde.
Application on mitosis in
cloning
 Cloning
 Tissue culture technique
 Cloning
 Process of producing clones or
genetically identical copies of a cell,
tissue or an organisms through
asexual reproduction.
 Involve the transfer of the nucleus
from a somatic cell to an ovum or
embryonic cell which has the nucleus
removed.
 Eg : first cloned → Dolly (1997)
Tissue culture technique
 Tissue culture technique involves the
growth of cells or tissues outside the
cell in suitable medium (contain
nutrients and growth hormone).
 Plant cell divides by mitosis to form
callus (undifferentiated mass of
tissue)
 Callus → embryo → plantlets.
 C
 allus
 New plantlets
(shoots with
leaves) are
forming.
A mass of callus tissue is formed
that is just starting to make new
plantlets.

If the conditions are right a

small "forest" of plants
will develop in the tissue
culture container.
 ADVANTAGES OF
CLONING
 Allows biotechnologist to multiply
copies of useful genes or clones.
 Can produced in shorter time and
in large number .
 Many transgenic crops like wheat,
soys bean which are resistant to
herbicide, pests and disease have
been created.
 Vegetative reproduction → does not
need the pollinating agent
 Shorter period for plant that
reproduce from seed
 Certain transgenic bacteria can be
used to control environment pollution
- some bacterial clones which are
able to break down toxic waste
material can help clean up toxic
waste dump.