A Tour of The Cell: Powerpoint Lectures For

Chapter 6
A Tour of the Cell
PowerPoint Lectures for

Biology, Seventh Edition
Neil Campbell and Jane Reece
Lectures by Chris Romero

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Overview: The Importance of Cells
• All organisms are made of cells
• The cell is the simplest collection of matter

that can live

• Cell structure is correlated to cellular function
10 µm
Figure 6.1
• Concept 6.1: To study cells, biologists use
microscopes and the tools of biochemistry

Microscopy
• Scientists use microscopes to visualize cells
too small to see with the naked eye

• Light microscopes (LMs)
– Pass visible light through a specimen
– Magnify cellular structures with lenses

• Different types of microscopes
Unaided eye
– Can be used to visualize different sized
cellular structures
10 m
Human height
1m
Light microscope
Length of some
nerve and
muscle cells
0.1 m
Chicken egg
1 cm
Frog egg
1 mm
Electron microscope
100 µm
Most plant
and Animal
cells
10 µ m
Nucleus
Electron microscope
Most bacteria
Mitochondrion
1µm
100 nm Smallest bacteria

Viruses
10 nm Ribosomes
Proteins
Measurements
1 nm
Lipids 1 centimeter (cm) = 10−2 meter (m) = 0.4 inch
Small molecules 1 millimeter (mm) = 10–3 m
1 micrometer (µm) = 10–3 mm = 10–6 m
Figure 6.2 0.1 nm Atoms
1 nanometer (nm) = 10–3 mm = 10–9 m

– Use different methods for enhancing
visualization of cellular structures
TECHNIQUE RESULT
(a) Brightfield (unstained specimen).

Passes light directly through specimen.
Unless cell is naturally pigmented or
artificially stained, image has little
contrast. [Parts (a)–(d) show a
human cheek epithelial cell.]
50 µm
(b) Brightfield (stained specimen).
Staining with various dyes enhances
contrast, but most staining procedures
require that cells be fixed (preserved).
(c) Phase-contrast. Enhances contrast

in unstained cells by amplifying
variations in density within specimen;
especially useful for examining living,
unpigmented cells.
Figure 6.3

(d) Differential-interference-contrast (Nomarski).
Like phase-contrast microscopy, it uses optical
modifications to exaggerate differences in
density, making the image appear almost 3D.
(e) Fluorescence. Shows the locations of specific

molecules in the cell by tagging the molecules
with fluorescent dyes or antibodies. These
fluorescent substances absorb ultraviolet
radiation and emit visible light, as shown
here in a cell from an artery.
50 µm
(f) Confocal. Uses lasers and special optics for
“optical sectioning” of fluorescently-stained
specimens. Only a single plane of focus is
illuminated; out-of-focus fluorescence above
and below the plane is subtracted by a computer.
A sharp image results, as seen in stained nervous
tissue (top), where nerve cells are green, support
cells are red, and regions of overlap are yellow. A
standard fluorescence micrograph (bottom) of this
relatively thick tissue is blurry.
50 µm

• Electron microscopes (EMs)
– Focus a beam of electrons through a specimen
(TEM) or onto its surface (SEM)

• The scanning electron microscope (SEM)
– Provides for detailed study of the surface of a
specimen
TECHNIQUE RESULTS
1 µm
Cilia
(a) Scanning electron micro-
scopy (SEM). Micrographs taken
with a scanning electron micro-
scope show a 3D image of the
surface of a specimen. This SEM
shows the surface of a cell from a
rabbit trachea (windpipe) covered
with motile organelles called cilia.
Beating of the cilia helps move
inhaled debris upward toward
the throat.
Figure 6.4 (a)

• The transmission electron microscope (TEM)
– Provides for detailed study of the internal
ultrastructure of cells
Longitudinal Cross section

section of of cilium 1 µm
cilium
(b) Transmission electron micro-
scopy (TEM). A transmission electron
microscope profiles a thin section of a
specimen. Here we see a section through
a tracheal cell, revealing its ultrastructure.
In preparing the TEM, some cilia were cut
along their lengths, creating longitudinal
sections, while other cilia were cut straight
across, creating cross sections.
Figure 6.4 (b)

Isolating Organelles by Cell Fractionation
• Cell fractionation
– Takes cells apart and separates the major
organelles from one another

• The centrifuge
– Is used to fractionate cells into their
component parts

• The process of cell fractionation
APPLICATION Cell fractionation is used to isolate

(fractionate) cell components, based on size and density.
TECHNIQUE First, cells are homogenized in a blender to

break them up. The resulting mixture (cell homogenate) is then
centrifuged at various speeds and durations to fractionate the cell
components, forming a series of pellets.
Figure 6.5
Homogenization
Tissue
cells
1000 g Homogenate
(1000 times the
force of gravity)
10 min Differential centrifugation
Supernatant poured
into next tube
20,000 g
20 min
80,000 g
Pellet rich in 60 min
nuclei and
cellular debris
150,000 g
3 hr
Pellet rich in
mitochondria
(and chloro-
plasts if cells
are from a Pellet rich in
plant) “microsomes”
(pieces of
plasma mem-
branes and Pellet rich in
cells’ internal ribosomes
membranes)
Figure 6.5
RESULTS In the original experiments, the researchers
used microscopy to identify the organelles in each pellet,
establishing a baseline for further experiments. In the next series of
experiments, researchers used biochemical methods to determine
the metabolic functions associated with each type of organelle.
Researchers currently use cell fractionation to isolate particular
organelles in order to study further details of their function.
Figure 6.5
Concept 6.2: Eukaryotic cells have internal
membranes that compartmentalize their functions
• Two types of cells make up every organism
– Prokaryotic
– Eukaryotic

Comparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
• All cells have several basic features in
common
– They are bounded by a plasma membrane

– They contain a semifluid substance called the
cytosol
– They contain chromosomes
– They all have ribosomes

• Prokaryotic cells
– Do not contain a nucleus
– Have their DNA located in a region called

the nucleoid

Pili: attachment structures on
the surface of some prokaryotes
Nucleoid: region where the
cell’s DNA is located (not
enclosed by a membrane)
Ribosomes: organelles that
synthesize proteins
Plasma membrane: membrane
enclosing the cytoplasm
Cell wall: rigid structure outside
the plasma membrane
Capsule: jelly-like outer coating
Bacterial of many prokaryotes
chromosome 0.5 µm
(a) A typical Flagella: locomotion (b) A thin section through the

rod-shaped bacterium organelles of bacterium Bacillus coagulans
some bacteria (TEM)
Figure 6.6 A, B
• Eukaryotic cells
– Contain a true nucleus, bounded by a
membranous nuclear envelope
– Are generally quite a bit bigger than
prokaryotic cells

• The logistics of carrying out cellular
metabolism sets limits on the size of cells

• A smaller cell
– Has a higher surface to volume ratio, which
facilitates the exchange of materials into and
out of the cell
Surface area increases while
total volume remains constant
5
1
1
Total surface area

(height × width × 6 150 750
number of sides ×
number of boxes)
Total volume
(height × width × length 1 125 125
× number of boxes)
Surface-to-volume
ratio 6 12 6
(surface area ÷ volume)
Figure 6.7
• The plasma membrane
– Functions as a selective barrier
– Allows sufficient passage of nutrients

and waste Outside of cell
Carbohydrate side chain
Hydrophilic
region
Inside of cell
0.1 µm
Hydrophobic
region
(a) TEM of a plasma
membrane. The Hydrophilic
plasma membrane, region Phospholipid Proteins
here in a red blood (b) Structure of the plasma membrane
cell, appears as a
pair of dark bands
separated by a
Figure 6.8 A, B light band.

A Panoramic View of the Eukaryotic Cell
• Eukaryotic cells
– Have extensive and elaborately arranged
internal membranes, which form organelles

• Plant and animal cells
– Have most of the same organelles

• A animal cell
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) Nuclear envelope
Nucleolus NUCLEUS
Rough ER Smooth ER
Chromatin
Flagelium
Plasma membrane
Centrosome
CYTOSKELETON
Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules Ribosomes
Microvilli
Golgi apparatus
Peroxisome
In animal cells but not plant cells:
Lysosomes
Lysosome Centrioles
Figure 6.9 Mitochondrion Flagella (in some plant sperm)

• A plant cell Nuclear envelope
Rough
Nucleolus endoplasmic
NUCLEUS
Chromatin reticulum Smooth
endoplasmic
Centrosome reticulum
Ribosomes (small brwon dots)
Central vacuole
Tonoplast
Golgi apparatus
Microfilaments
Intermediate
CYTOSKELETON
filaments
Microtubules
Mitochondrion
Peroxisome
Plasma membrane
Chloroplast
Cell wall
Plasmodesmata
In plant cells but not animal cells:
Wall of adjacent cell Chloroplasts
Central vacuole and tonoplast
Figure 6.9 Cell wall
Plasmodesmata

Concept 6.3: The eukaryotic cell’s genetic
instructions are housed in the nucleus and
carried out by the ribosomes

The Nucleus: Genetic Library of the Cell
• The nucleus
– Contains most of the genes in the
eukaryotic cell

• The nuclear envelope
– Encloses the nucleus, separating its contents
from the cytoplasm
Nucleus
Nucleus
1 µm Nucleolus
Chromatin
Nuclear envelope:
Inner membrane
Outer membrane
Nuclear pore
Pore
complex
Rough ER
Surface of nuclear
envelope. Ribosome 1 µm
0.25 µm
Close-up of
nuclear
envelope
Figure 6.10 Pore complexes (TEM). Nuclear lamina (TEM).

Ribosomes: Protein Factories in the Cell
• Ribosomes
– Are particles made of ribosomal RNA
and protein

– Carry out protein synthesis
Ribosomes ER Cytosol
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Free ribosomes
Bound ribosomes
Large
subunit
Small
0.5 µm subunit
TEM showing ER and ribosomes Diagram of a ribosome
Figure 6.11
Concept 6.4: The endomembrane system
regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic
functions in the cell
• The endomembrane system
– Includes many different structures

The Endoplasmic Reticulum: Biosynthetic Factory
• The endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
– Accounts for more than half the total
membrane in many eukaryotic cells

• The ER membrane
– Is continuous with the nuclear envelope
Smooth ER
Rough ER Nuclear
envelope
ER lumen
Cisternae
Ribosomes Transitional ER
Transport vesicle
Smooth ER Rough ER 200 µm
Figure 6.12
• There are two distinct regions of ER
– Smooth ER, which lacks ribosomes
– Rough ER, which contains ribosomes

Functions of Smooth ER
• The smooth ER
– Synthesizes lipids
– Metabolizes carbohydrates
– Stores calcium
– Detoxifies poison

Functions of Rough ER
• The rough ER
– Has bound ribosomes
– Produces proteins and membranes, which are

distributed by transport vesicles

The Golgi Apparatus: Shipping and
Receiving Center
• The Golgi apparatus
– Receives many of the transport vesicles
produced in the rough ER
– Consists of flattened membranous sacs called
cisternae

• Functions of the Golgi apparatus include
– Modification of the products of the rough ER
– Manufacture of certain macromolecules

• Functions of the Golgi apparatus
Golgi
apparatus
cis face
(“receiving” side of
Golgi apparatus)
1 Vesicles move 2 Vesicles coalesce to 0.1 0 µm

6 Vesicles also from ER to Golgi form new cis Golgi cisternae
transport certain
proteins back to ER Cisternae
3 Cisternal
maturation:
Golgi cisternae
move in a cis-
to-trans
direction
4 Vesicles form and
leave Golgi, carrying
specific proteins to
Figure 6.13 other locations or to
the plasma mem-
5 Vesicles transport specific brane for secretion
trans face
proteins backward to newer (“shipping” side of
Golgi apparatus) TEM of Golgi apparatus
Golgi cisternae

Lysosomes: Digestive Compartments
• A lysosome
– Is a membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes
– Can digest all kinds of macromolecules

• Lysosomes carry out intracellular digestion by
– Phagocytosis
Nucleus 1 µm
Lysosome
Lysosome contains Food vacuole Hydrolytic

active hydrolytic fuses with enzymes digest
enzymes lysosome food particles
Digestive
enzymes
Lysosome
Plasma membrane
Digestion
Food vacuole
Figure 6.14 A
(a) Phagocytosis: lysosome digesting food

• Autophagy
Lysosome containing
1µm
two damaged organelles
Mitochondrion
fragment
Peroxisome
fragment
Lysosome fuses with Hydrolytic enzymes

vesicle containing digest organelle
damaged organelle components
Lysosome
Digestion
Vesicle containing
damaged mitochondrion
Figure 6.14 B
(b) Autophagy: lysosome breaking down damaged organelle

Vacuoles: Diverse Maintenance Compartments
• A plant or fungal cell
– May have one or several vacuoles

• Food vacuoles
– Are formed by phagocytosis
• Contractile vacuoles
– Pump excess water out of protist cells

• Central vacuoles
– Are found in plant cells
– Hold reserves of important organic

compounds and water
Central vacuole
Cytosol
Tonoplast
Nucleus Central
vacuole
Cell wall
Chloroplast
Figure 6.15 5 µm

The Endomembrane System: A Review
• The endomembrane system
– Is a complex and dynamic player in the cell’s
compartmental organization

• Relationships among organelles of the
endomembrane system
1 Nuclear envelope is
connected to rough ER, Nucleus
which is also continuous
with smooth ER
Rough ER
2 Membranes and proteins

produced by the ER flow in Smooth ER
the form of transport vesicles cis Golgi
to the Golgi Nuclear envelop
3 Golgi pinches off transport

Vesicles and other vesicles
that give rise to lysosomes and
Vacuoles Plasma
membrane
trans Golgi
4 Lysosome available 5 Transport vesicle carries 6 Plasma membrane expands

for fusion with another proteins to plasma by fusion of vesicles; proteins
vesicle for digestion membrane for secretion are secreted from cell
Figure 6.16
• Concept 6.5: Mitochondria and chloroplasts
change energy from one form to another
• Mitochondria
– Are the sites of cellular respiration
• Chloroplasts
– Found only in plants, are the sites of
photosynthesis

Mitochondria: Chemical Energy Conversion
• Mitochondria
– Are found in nearly all eukaryotic cells

• Mitochondria are enclosed by two membranes
– A smooth outer membrane
– An inner membrane folded into cristae

Mitochondrion
Intermembrane space
Outer
membrane
Free
ribosomes
in the
mitochondrial
matrix
Inner
membrane
Cristae
Matrix
Mitochondrial
DNA 100 µm
Figure 6.17
Chloroplasts: Capture of Light Energy
• The chloroplast
– Is a specialized member of a family of closely
related plant organelles called plastids
– Contains chlorophyll

• Chloroplasts
– Are found in leaves and other green organs of
plants and in algae
Chloroplast
Ribosomes
Stroma
Chloroplast
Inner and outer
DNA
membranes
Granum
1 µm
Figure 6.18 Thylakoid

• Chloroplast structure includes
– Thylakoids, membranous sacs
– Stroma, the internal fluid

Peroxisomes: Oxidation
• Peroxisomes
– Produce hydrogen peroxide and convert it to
water
Chloroplast
Peroxisome
Mitochondrion
Figure 6.19
1 µm
Concept 6.6: The cytoskeleton is a network of
fibers that organizes structures and activities in
the cell

• The cytoskeleton
– Is a network of fibers extending throughout the
cytoplasm
Microtubule
Figure 6.20 0.25 µm Microfilaments

Roles of the Cytoskeleton: Support, Motility, and Regulation
• The cytoskeleton
– Gives mechanical support to the cell

– Is involved in cell motility, which utilizes motor
proteins
Vesicle
ATP
Receptor for
motor protein
Motor protein Microtubule

(ATP powered) of cytoskeleton
(a) Motor proteins that attach to receptors on organelles can “walk”
the organelles along microtubules or, in some cases, microfilaments.
Microtubule Vesicles 0.25 µm
(b) Vesicles containing neurotransmitters migrate to the tips of nerve cell

axons via the mechanism in (a). In this SEM of a squid giant axon, two
vesicles can be seen moving along a microtubule. (A separate part of the
Figure 6.21 A, B experiment provided the evidence that they were in fact moving.)

Components of the Cytoskeleton

• There are three main types of fibers that make
up the cytoskeleton
Table 6.1
Microtubules
• Microtubules
– Shape the cell
– Guide movement of organelles
– Help separate the chromosome copies in

dividing cells

Centrosomes and Centrioles
• The centrosome
– Is considered to be a “microtubule-organizing
center”

– Contains a pair of centrioles
Centrosome
Microtubule
Centrioles
0.25 µm
Longitudinal section Microtubules Cross section

Figure 6.22 of one centriole of the other centriole

Cilia and Flagella
• Cilia and flagella
– Contain specialized arrangements of
microtubules
– Are locomotor appendages of some cells

• Flagella beating pattern
(a) Motion of flagella. A flagellum

usually undulates, its snakelike Direction of swimming
motion driving a cell in the same
direction as the axis of the
flagellum. Propulsion of a human
sperm cell is an example of
flagellatelocomotion (LM).
Figure 6.23 A
1 µm

• Ciliary motion
(b) Motion of cilia. Cilia have a back-

and-forth motion that moves the
cell in a direction perpendicular
to the axis of the cilium. A dense
nap of cilia, beating at a rate of
about 40 to 60 strokes a second,
covers this Colpidium, a
freshwater protozoan (SEM).
Figure 6.23 B
15 µm

• Cilia and flagella share a common
ultrastructure
Outer microtubule Plasma
doublet membrane
0.1 µm
Dynein arms
Central
microtubule
Outer doublets
cross-linking
proteins inside
Microtubules
Radial
Plasma spoke
membrane
Basal body
(b)
0.5 µm
0.1 µm
(a) Triplet
(c)
Figure 6.24 A-C Cross section of basal body

• The protein dynein
– Is responsible for the bending movement of
cilia and flagella
Microtubule
doublets ATP
Dynein arm
(a) Powered by ATP, the dynein arms of one microtubule doublet
grip the adjacent doublet, push it up, release, and then grip again.
If the two microtubule doublets were not attached, they would slide
Figure 6.25 A relative to each other.
Outer doublets ATP
cross-linking
proteins
Anchorage
in cell
(b) In a cilium or flagellum, two adjacent doublets cannot slide far because
they are physically restrained by proteins, so they bend. (Only two of
Figure 6.25 B the nine outer doublets in Figure 6.24b are shown here.)

1 3
(c) Localized, synchronized activation of many dynein arms

probably causes a bend to begin at the base of the Cilium or
flagellum and move outward toward the tip. Many successive
bends, such as the ones shown here to the left and right,
result in a wavelike motion. In this diagram, the two central
Figure 6.25 C microtubules and the cross-linking proteins are not shown.

Microfilaments (Actin Filaments)
• Microfilaments
– Are built from molecules of the protein actin

– Are found in microvilli
Microvillus
Plasma membrane
Microfilaments (actin
filaments)
Intermediate filaments
Figure 6.26 0.25 µm

• Microfilaments that function in cellular motility
– Contain the protein myosin in addition to actin
Muscle cell
Actin filament
Myosin filament
Myosin arm
Figure 6.27 A (a) Myosin motors in muscle cell contraction.

• Amoeboid movement
– Involves the contraction of actin and myosin
filaments
Cortex (outer cytoplasm):

gel with actin network
Inner cytoplasm: sol

with actin subunits
Extending
pseudopodium
Figure 6.27 B (b) Amoeboid movement

• Cytoplasmic streaming
– Is another form of locomotion created by
microfilaments
Nonmoving
cytoplasm (gel)
Chloroplast
Streaming
cytoplasm
(sol)
Parallel actin
filaments Cell wall
Figure 6.27 C (b) Cytoplasmic streaming in plant cells

Intermediate Filaments
• Intermediate filaments
– Support cell shape
– Fix organelles in place

Concept 6.7: Extracellular components and
connections between cells help coordinate
cellular activities

Cell Walls of Plants
• The cell wall
– Is an extracellular structure of plant cells that
distinguishes them from animal cells

• Plant cell walls
– Are made of cellulose fibers embedded in
other polysaccharides and protein
– May have multiple layers
Central Plasma
vacuole membrane
of cell Secondary
cell wall
Primary
cell wall
Central
vacuole Middle
of cell lamella
1 µm
Central vacuole
Cytosol
Plasma membrane
Plant cell walls
Figure 6.28 Plasmodesmata

The Extracellular Matrix (ECM) of Animal Cells
• Animal cells
– Lack cell walls
– Are covered by an elaborate matrix, the ECM

• The ECM
– Is made up of glycoproteins and other
macromolecules
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID Polysaccharide
Collagen molecule
A proteoglycan
complex Carbo-
hydrates
Core
protein
Fibronectin
Proteoglycan
Plasma molecule
membrane Integrins
Micro- CYTOPLASM
Integrin
filaments
Figure 6.29

• Functions of the ECM include
– Support
– Adhesion
– Movement
– Regulation

Intercellular Junctions

Plants: Plasmodesmata
• Plasmodesmata
– Are channels that perforate plant cell walls
Cell walls
Interior
of cell
Interior
of cell
Figure 6.30 0.5 µm Plasmodesmata Plasma membranes

Animals: Tight Junctions, Desmosomes, and Gap Junctions
• In animals, there are three types of intercellular

junctions
– Tight junctions
– Desmosomes
– Gap junctions

• Types of intercellular junctions in animals
TIGHT JUNCTIONS
At tight junctions, the membranes of
Tight junctions prevent Tight junction
neighboring cells are very tightly pressed
fluid from moving against each other, bound together by
across a layer of cells specific proteins (purple). Forming continu-
ous seals around the cells, tight junctions
prevent leakage of extracellular fluid across
A layer of epithelial cells.
0.5 µm
DESMOSOMES
Desmosomes (also called anchoring
Tight junctions junctions) function like rivets, fastening cells
Intermediate Together into strong sheets. Intermediate
filaments Filaments made of sturdy keratin proteins
Desmosome Anchor desmosomes in the cytoplasm.
Gap
1 µm
junctions GAP JUNCTIONS
Gap junctions (also called communicating
junctions) provide cytoplasmic channels from
one cell to an adjacent cell. Gap junctions
Extracellular consist of special membrane proteins that
Space matrix surround a pore through which ions, sugars,
between Plasma membranes Gap junction amino acids, and other small molecules may
cells pass. Gap junctions are necessary for commu-
of adjacent cells
nication between cells in many types of tissues,
Figure 6.31 0.1 µm including heart muscle and animal embryos.

The Cell: A Living Unit Greater Than the Sum of Its Parts
• Cells rely on the integration of structures and

organelles in order to function
5 µm
Figure 6.32

A Tour of The Cell: Powerpoint Lectures For

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

A Tour of The Cell: Powerpoint Lectures For

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 6

A Tour of the Cell

PowerPoint Lectures for

Lectures by Chris Romero

• The cell is the simplest collection of matter

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

– Magnify cellular structures with lenses

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

100 nm Smallest bacteria

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

(a) Brightfield (unstained specimen).

(c) Phase-contrast. Enhances contrast

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

(e) Fluorescence. Shows the locations of specific

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 6.4 (a)

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Longitudinal Cross section

Figure 6.4 (b)

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

APPLICATION Cell fractionation is used to isolate

TECHNIQUE First, cells are homogenized in a blender to

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

– They all have ribosomes

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

– Have their DNA located in a region called

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

(a) A typical Flagella: locomotion (b) A thin section through the

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Total surface area

– Allows sufficient passage of nutrients

Carbohydrate side chain

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Ribosomes (small brwon dots)

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 6.10 Pore complexes (TEM). Nuclear lamina (TEM).

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

– Rough ER, which contains ribosomes

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

– Produces proteins and membranes, which are

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

– Manufacture of certain macromolecules

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

1 Vesicles move 2 Vesicles coalesce to 0.1 0 µm

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

– Can digest all kinds of macromolecules