Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Mehmood Ahmed
Introduction
Conclusion
References
INTRODUCTION
Fuel?
Fuel is any material that stores energy that can later be extracted to perform mechanical
work in a controlled manner.
Types and Properties of Fuels
As in India, diesel and petrol are main fuel types where the main difference is defined by
the cost of operating. Today we will discuss about some other fuels along with the
conventional type .Which is better for what? And which should I choose?
Though there are alternative fuels like bio-gas and ethanol, we are not dealing in detail as
they are not used in practice due to non-availability in sufficient quantity.
Petrol
Diesel
CNG
LPG
Compressed Air
Apart from these fuels we can also use Electric and Hybrid Vehicles which are eco-friendly
Gasoline
Gasoline or petrol is a petroleum-derived liquid mixture which is primarily used as a
fuel in internal combustion engines is a fuel of the past.
Energy content per kilogram is higher than for gasoline (higher hydrogen to carbon
ratio)
Density of diesel is about 0.832 kg/l (6.943 lb/US gal), about 12% more than ethanol
free petrol (gasoline), which has a density of about 0.745 kg/l (6.217 lb/US gal)
Offers a net heating value of 43.1 MJ/kg as opposed to 43.2 MJ/kg for gasoline
Higher volumetric energy density at 35.86 MJ/l (128 700 BTU/US gal) vs. 32.18 MJ/l
(115 500 BTU/US gal) for gasoline
The CO2 emissions from diesel are 73.25 g/MJ, just slightly lower than for gasoline at
73.38 g/MJ
Cetane number for diesel is a measure of the fuel’s delay of ignition time
CNG
Compressed natural gas (CNG) is a fossil fuel substitute for gasoline (petrol), diesel, or
propane/LPG.
CNG is less likely to auto-ignite on hot surfaces, since it has a high auto-ignition
temperature (540 °C) and a narrow range (5%-15%) of flammability.
CNG can be used in Otto-cycle (gasoline) and modified Diesel cycle engines except
the design should be altered.
CNG fuel systems are sealed, which prevents any spill or evaporation losses
CNG takes up more space for each gasoline gallon equivalent (GGE) and greater amount
of space for fuel storage
LPG
Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is a flammable mixture of hydrocarbon gases used as a
fuel in heating appliances and vehicles.
The international standard is EN 589.
Specific calorific value of 46.1 MJ/kg compared with 42.5 MJ/kg for fuel-oil and
43.5 MJ/kg for premium grade petrol (gasoline)
Energy density per volume unit of 26 MJ/l is lower than either that of petrol or fuel-oil
Liquefied Compressed Natural Gas (LCNG). LNG can be pressurized and vaporized to
give LCNG.
COMPRESSED AIR
If we can use air as fuel, why think about using anything else? Air is all around us. Air never
runs out. Air is nonpolluting. Best of all, air is free.
Carbon or glass fiber tanks can crack easily are used to avoid explosion during accidents
where Air is stored at a pressure of 4,351 psi
Cost only around $2 to fill the car up with 340 liters of air
0.176 pounds of carbon dioxide emissions per mile compared to 0.40 of I.C engines
Already the “ Evolution car ” that is being built by Zero Pollution Motors, in Brignoles,
France and the engine is some 50% more efficient than the four-stroke variety.
Top speed of 250 mph and can accelerate from 0 to 60 mph (97 km/h) in 3.7 seconds
On-board efficiency of around 80% compared to 15% of gasoline and 20% of Diesel
engines
High torque over a larger range of speeds during acceleration because they are
function of current, not rotational speed
HYBRID VEHICLE
A Hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is that which uses two or more distinct power sources to
move the vehicle generally an I.C engine and one or more electric motors.
The rare earth element dysprosium used in motor parts and Neodymium in high-strength
are rare and costly elements
Reduce air emissions of smog-forming pollutants by up to 90% and 50% of CO2
Use of lithium-ion batteries reduces the weight of the vehicle and also achieves
improved fuel economy of 30% better than gasoline-powered vehicles
Shutting down the engine during traffic stops or while coasting or during periods
Improving aerodynamics
Regenerative braking
Factors influencing to choose a vehicle are:
Now that we have understood about each type of vehicle , let us check out some
more commercial factors affecting a customer.
Investment
Running cost
Maintenance
Comfort
Performance
Environment
Availability
Investment
Of the fuel types mentioned, we can easily state that petrol engine is the
cheapest. This is because the petrol engine is the base engine and simplest
one. CNG and LPG both require minor engine modifications. The diesel engine
is technically more complex than the petrol engine and hence also more
expensive. The Electric and Hybrid are also costly because of the design
changes and might charge up to 250000 more than petrol engine.
The running costs of different fuel types, is determined by the cost per liter/kg of the fuel,
and the mileage of the same.
Electric and Hybrid vehicles cost very cheap up to Rs 05 / L
• Periodic (scheduled) maintenance is replacing of parts etc as per the expected good life
•Diesel engines maintenance are costlier to petrol vehicles also are LPG/CNG engines.
•CNG/LPG engines, the cost of repairs will increase with problems arising in head assy.
Diesel engines on the other hand are quite noisy, have slower pickup and frequent cold
starting problems
LPG and CNG, problems are reported for foul smell, cold starting problems
The Electric, Air and Hybrid probably produce lesser noise than others
Rank Fuel Type
1/2 Air
3 Petrol
4 LPG/CNG
5 Diesel
Performance
Petrol engines have an advantage over other fuels in terms of faster pickup and power
Diesel engines accelerate slowly and are more suitable for long usages
LPG/CNG fitments suffer from a slight lack of initial pickup, but accelerate faster than
their diesel type
Electric and Hybrid operate at good speeds but the Air vehicle remains at the last
Diesel, though it emits dusty gas, has more environment friendly emissions than
petrol
LPG/CNG are much more environmental friendly and produces a clean exhaust gas
LPG, CNG ,a large amount of it is produced in India and risk of price shocks is smaller
Usually in certain areas either of CNG or LPG is available. Hence, for users, the choice
is generally between diesel, petrol or CNG (for North India) or diesel, petrol or LPG
(for South India).
Do you want a speedy, fast car? Then petrol is the way to go.
Are you nuts about the environment? CNG , LPG or HYBRID are for you.
Do you want economy with carefree ownership? Then diesel would be most likely be
better for you.
http://www.hybridcars.com/electric-car
http://www.cartradeindia.com/car-bike-news/petrol+-diesel+-
cng-or-lpg-we-help-you-choose--111207.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquefied_petroleum_gas
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressed_natural_gas
http://www.aircarfactories.com/FAQ_AirCar.html
www.tiaxllc.com