3

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‡ As India¶s oil consumption is increasing,
world oil supply will soon stabilize and then
start dwindling while oil prices are bound to
rise further
‡ For economic as well as environmental
reasons we need to shift to alternative non-
polluting sources of energy.
‡ The aim of this presentation is to raise
questions and provoke discussion regarding
the future of India¶s energy policy and to
consider various possible solutions
 !

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OO
‡ Our civilization has evolved based on an
abundant supply of cheap oil
‡ The transportation industry and agricultural
fertilizers heavily depend on oil
‡ The current world oil production and
consumption rates are almost equal
O
˜



‡ ASPO (Association for the Study of Peak Oil and Gas) predicts
world oil production will peak around 2007, as shown above.

r
 ë

G O

‡ The Energy Crisis is often overlooked based on the
following misconceptions:
1. ³Higher prices will bring in larger investments, which
will lead to more production´
2. ³Rise in prices will lower consumption´
3. ³Oil shale and tar sands will replace conventional oil´
!. Fudging of reported reserves by oil companies and
countries for political/economic reasons
r. ³Many previous µcrisis¶ predictions proved wrong ± this
one will too´
 7

O
‡ The world market can be said to depend on OPEC almost
entirely since it has 77% of the current world oil ›
›

‡ The day-to-day market prices of oil reflect many factors like the
current stocks, shipments, economic situation, speculative
investment, etc. and not so much the size of reserves of oil
‡ We have now reached a stage in the exploitation of the earth
where trying harder to produce more oil can have only limited
results
‡ Oil consumption on a short-term basis does not depend on the
price of oil, as is the case for other goods. There is a large time
lag before consumers shift to alternatives or reduce demand
‡ In fact, some experts believe that a rise in oil prices › 


demand on a short term basis. E.g Oil and natural gas demand
growth rates in China have been in the range of 7-1r% per year
since 1999, despite the tripling of oil prices since then
 
`   
‡ The major oil fields in the world have already been
discovered ± the largest fields are always found first
‡ Except for some parts of the China Sea and of the
western desert in Iraq, major regions in the world
have been fully explored.
‡ Advances in geological technology allow us to predict
promising areas for oil ± we now know reasonably well
where new oil will be found
‡ Oil in the Caspian Sea has high sulfur content which
corrodes the pipes and is expensive to extract and
refine. Caspian Sea oil is not likely to become a
significant factor in the world oil scenario.
 9

`   
‡ The best known extraction techniques are already in use in
many of the giant fields in the Middle East
‡ Increase in the fraction of Oil-in-Place which is actually
recovered will require diligent field management,
technical knowhow, motivation and discipline, as well as
capital investment, which may not always be feasible
‡ Oil which can be recovered using these techniques could
give us only a breathing break, e.g. advanced recovery
from § fields could amount to ! MMM bbl more
(Narayanan, 1999). At current Indian consumption rates,
this would give us about ! years more supply, though at
world consumption rates, this will last for less than 2
months
 `

‡ Fossil fuels are non-renewable resources
because they take millions of years to form, and
reserves are being depleted much faster than
new ones are being made.

‡ Fossil fuels are fuels formed by natural resources

such as anaerobic decomposition of buried dead
organisms.

‡ The age of the organisms and their resulting

fossil fuels is typically millions of years, and
sometimes exceeds ër0 million years.
‡ The fossil fuels, which contain high percentages
of carbon, include coal, petroleum, and natural
gas.

‡ Fossil fuels range from volatile materials with

low carbon:hydrogen ratios like methane, to
liquid petroleum to non-volatile materials
composed of almost pure carbon, like anthracite
coal.
  
  
 
‡ Almost all fossil fuel use is by burning (or
"combustion").
‡ Burning produces waste products due to
impurities in the fuel, especially particulates and
various gases such as sulphur dioxide, nitrogen
oxides, and volatile organic compounds.
‡ There are serious disagreements over whether
some effects of fossil fuel use are harmful at all.
‡ In some cases the amount of waste is so small
that the effect, if any, is difficult to detect.
‡ Mercury from coal burning is an example.
‡ In the United States, more than 90%
of greenhouse gas emissions come from the
combustion of fossil fuels.
M
‡ Combustion of fossil fuels generates sulphuric,
carbonic, and nitric acids, which fall to Earth
as acid rain, impacting both natural areas and
the built environment.
‡ Monuments and sculptures made
from marble and limestone are particularly
vulnerable, as the acids dissolve calcium
carbonate.
‡ Fossil fuels also contain radioactive materials,
mainly uranium and thorium, which are released
into the atmosphere.
‡ In 2000, about 12,000 tonnes of thorium and
r,000 tonnes of uranium were released
worldwide from burning coal.
‡ However, this radioactivity from coal burning is
minuscule at each source and has not shown to
have any adverse effect on human physiology.
‡ Burning coal also generates large
amounts of bottom ash and fly ash.
‡ These materials are used in a wide
variety of applications, utilizing, for
example, about !0% of the US
production.
‡ Harvesting, processing, and distributing fossil
fuels can also create environmental concerns.
‡ Coal mining methods, particularly mountaintop
removal and strip mining, have negative
environmental impacts, and offshore oil drilling
poses a hazard to aquatic organisms
‡ Oil refineries also have negative environmental
impacts, including air and water pollution.
i  
‡ Transportation of coal requires the use of diesel-
powered locomotives, while crude oil is typically
transported by tanker ships, each of which
requires the combustion of additional fossil fuels
 
‡ Environmental regulation uses a variety of
approaches to limit these emissions,

üCommand-and-control (which mandates the

amount of pollution or the technology used),
üEconomic incentives, or
üVoluntary programs.

‡ An example of such regulation in the USA is the
"EPA is implementing policies to reduce
airborne mercury emissions. Under regulations
issued in 200r, coal-fired power plants will need
to reduce their emissions by 70 percent by
201."
i 
‡ Pollution from fossil fuels is regarded as a
negative externality.
‡ Taxation is considered one way to make societal
costs explicit, in order to 'internalize' the cost of
pollution.
‡ This aims to make fossil fuels more expensive,
thereby reducing their use and the amount of
pollution associated with them, along with
raising the funds necessary to counteract these
factors
O
  M

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‡ Oil contributes to !0% of world energy and 9ë% of
transportation energy.
‡ 7r billion barrels consumed already and approx.
1000 barrels in reserve.
‡ From now to 2020, world oil consumption will rise
by about ë0%.
‡ By 202r, the number of cars will increase to well
over 1.2r billion from approximately 700 million
today. Global consumption of gasoline could
double.
‡ Oil reserves are the quantities of crude oil
estimated to be commercially recoverable by
application of development projects to known
accumulations from a given date forward under
defined conditions.[1] To qualify as a reserve,
they must be discovered, commercially
recoverable, and still remaining.
G  O$%
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rO `MGiOO& GM
‡ India has got just 0.!2% of the world¶ oil share
and stands 22nd in rank.(r,ë2r,000,000 bbl)
‡ India¶s oil reserves sufficient for 7 days.
‡ Saudi Arabia stands 1st with 19.7% of world¶s oil
reserves. (2ë!,100,000,000 bbl)
‡ Bbl=Oil Barrel (ie, !2 US Gallons or 1r,97
litres)
r&M&
‡ The US fears that Saudi Arabia, the world's
largest crude oil exporter, may not have enough
reserves to prevent an oil price spike, American
diplomatic cables published by WikiLeaks said.
‡ Estimated to have inflated oil reserves by !0%.


   

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‡ Downgrade current oil reserves all over the
world from 11r0-13r0 billion to r0-900 billion.
‡ Biofuels to mitigate oil shortages?
‡ Hydrogen Economy- A middle to long term
dream.
i
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‡World¶s Oil
Reserves to last
till 20ë0 only!
‡ Projecting 2001 production levels, by
2020, 3% of global oil
reserves will be controlled by Middle Eastern
regimes.

‡ A handful of Middle East suppliers will regain the
influence they had in the 1970s and once again be able to
dictate the terms on world oil markets and manipulate
oil prices and world politics.
‡ Middle Eastern producers will continue to use their oil
revenues to increase their military expenditures, fuel an
arms race and undermine regional stability.
‡ Corrupt, oppressive regimes will continue to use oil
revenues as a means to maintain their power.
‡ Wealth generated by oil rich Middle Eastern countries
will continue to flow into terrorist organizations and
organizations promoting radical Islam.

‡ The U.S. will need to keep increasing American military
presence in the region to ensure our access to the
remaining oil. This will mean further U.S. embroilment
in Middle East conflicts, more anti-American sentiment,
and a deepening rift between the West and the Islamic
world.
‡ Tension between the U.S. and China
due to growing Chinese intervention in the Middle East
to ensure its own access to oil and Chinese arming of
Middle Eastern countries hostile to the U.S. and its
allies.
‡ Further drain on economic resources caused by imports
of expensive oil.

‡ Transportation and Fertilizers are going to be
affectedù Agriculture to be affected.
‡ Oil Shortage shall lead to long term social,
cultural, political and economic impacts.
‡ Oil shortage shall force nations to go for
alternate energy sources but the transition
period shall be very PAINFUL if adequate steps
are not taken NOW.
‡ Reserves in non-Middle East countries are being
depleted more rapidly than those of Middle East
producers, their overall reserves-to-production
ratio is much lower (about 1r years for non-
Middle East and 0 years for Middle East
producers).
r  G  
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‡ Significant oil supply challenges will be
compounded in the near future by rising
demand and strengthening environmental
policy.
 

‡ Today we are grappling with power cuts due to
the massive disparity between demand and
supply. Looking for alternatives sources of
power is not merely a necessity, but the need of
the hour.
 =
 
‡ A ë

(

 
 or



) is a packaged
interconnected assembly of solar cells, also
known as photovoltaic cells.

‡ The majority of modules use wafer-based

crystalline silicon cells or thin-film cells based
on cadmium telluride or silicon. Crystalline
silicon is a commonly used semiconductor.
constructed in 1999 by the South
Australian Solar Car Consortium, can
speed up to 120km/h.
 r i$

‡ A   is a device that converts kinetic

energy from the wind into mechanical energy. If
the mechanical energy is used to produce
electricity, the device may be called a 
  or .
iO`r i$
G 
 *
 
Offshore wind farm
using rMW turbines
REpower Mr in the
North Sea off Belgium
 `$G

‡ A 2


is an electrochemical cell that

converts energy from a fuel into electrical
energy.

‡ Electricity is generated from the reaction

between a fuel supply and an oxidizing agent.
‡ A hydrogen fuel cell uses hydrogen as its fuel
and oxygen (usually from air) as its oxidant.

‡ Other fuels include hydrocarbons and alcohols.

‡ Other oxidants include chlorine and chlorine

dioxide.
‡ A typical cell running at 0.7 V has an efficiency
of about r0%, meaning that r0% of the energy
content of the hydrogen is converted into
electrical energy; the remaining r0% will be
converted into heat.
 i
  
‡ i
 , also called 
, is a
form of hydropower that converts the energy of
tides into electricity or other useful forms of
power.

The world's first commercial-

scale and grid-connected
tidal stream generator ±
SeaGen ± in Strangford
Lough.The strong wake
shows the power in the tidal
current.
 
 
‡ i
ë   
Tidal stream generators (or TSGs) make use of
the kinetic energy of moving water to power turbines, in a
similar way to wind turbines that use moving air. This
method is gaining in popularity because of the lower cost
and lower ecological impact compared to tidal barrages.

‡ i

Tidal barrages make use of the potential energy
in the difference in height (or head) between high and low
tides. Barrages are essentially dams across the full width of
a tidal estuary, and suffer from very high civil infrastructure
costs, a worldwide shortage of viable sites and
environmental issues.
‡   
 
Dynamic tidal power (or DTP) is
a theoretical generation technology that would
exploit an interaction between potential and
kinetic energies in tidal flows.

It proposes that very long dams

(for example: 30±r0 km length) be built from
coasts straight out into the sea or ocean, without
enclosing an area.

Each dam would generate power

at a scale of ë - 1r GW.
 



‡ ï  

   is electricity

generated from geothermal energy. Technologies
in use include dry steam power plants, flash
steam power plants and binary cycle power
plants.
ë  
 
ëë  

‡ ë   
 ë
‡ Dry steam plants are the simplest and oldest design. They
directly use geothermal steam of 1r0°C or more to turn turbines.

ëë   
 ë
‡ Flash steam plants pull deep, high-pressure hot water into
lower-pressure
‡ tanks and use the resulting flashed steam to drive turbines. They
require fluid temperatures of at least 10°C, usually more. This
is the most common type of plant in operation today.
‡ 
 
 ë
‡ Binary cycle power plants are the most recent development, and
can accept fluid temperatures as low as r7°C The moderately hot
geothermal water is passed by a secondary fluid with a much
lower boiling point than water. This causes the secondary fluid
to flash to vapour, which then drives the turbines. This is the
most common type of geothermal electricity plant being built
today both Organic Rankine and Kalina cycles are used. The
thermal efficiency is typically about 10%.
  

‡ M ë   is a series of processes in
which microorganisms break down
biodegradable material in the absence of oxygen,
used for industrial or domestic purposes to
manage waste and/or to release energy.

Anaerobic digestion and

regenerative thermal oxidiser
component of Lübeck
mechanical biological
treatment plant in Germany,
2007

  




Matter %

Methane, CH! r0±7r

Carbon dioxide, CO2 2r±r0

Nitrogen, N2 0±10

Hydrogen, H2 0±1

Hydrogen sulfide, H2S 0±3

Oxygen, O2 0±2
‡ Praveen Krishnan- M.tech

‡ 3 simple yet innovative technology

‡ 1) OWEC (ocean wave energy synthesis)

The energy content of waves is utilized

to lift water to an overhead tank. From here it is
flushed over the impeller of the dynamo to
generate electricity.
‡ 2) OMT (oscillating magnet technique-1)

Here a magnetic pendulum is made to

oscillate inside the coil. The energy lost is gained
through fixed opposite poled magnets.

‡ OMT2(oscillating magnet technique-2)

Another way of generating power

under this technique is by using a freely
suspended spring magnet.
‡ Self Electricity Generating Technique
(LOAD*LOAD ARM=EFFORT*EFFORT ARM)

Here, the fly wheel of the dynamo is

rotated using a long effort arm. Only part of the
energy generated is utilized to oscillate the effort
arm.