-manchi coffee lanti chapter

Some Important Amplifier parameters

 Voltage gain
 Current gain
 Input Impedance
 Output Impedance
 Bandwidth
These parameters are nearly constant for a given
amplifier.

But some times we need to change these parameters.

This can be achieved by a technique known as

FEEDBACK
FEEDBACK

 When a part of output is combined to the

input, feedback is said to be exist.

 Thus the process of combining output energy

or signal (current or voltage) back to the input
is known as feedback.
 It is of 2 types.
 Negative Feedback
 Positive Feedback
 -ve Feedback +ve Feedback

 Output signal is out of phase  Output signal is in phase with

with the input signal. the input signal.

 Due to this, magnitude of  Due to this, magnitude of

input signal reduces. input signal increases.

 Otherwise called  Otherwise called

Degenerative or Inverse FB. Regenerative or Direct FB.

Comparison of Feedbacks
 -ve Feedback +ve Feedback

 Advantages:  Advantages:
 Gain Stabilization  Increase in Gain
 Reduction in Distortion
 Reduction in Noise
 Increase in Input Impedance
 Decrease in Output Impedance
 Increase in range of uniform
amplification.

Advantages of Feedback(s)
  Increase in Distortion
 Reduction in Gain  Decrease in Stability.

-ve Feedback +ve Feedback

Disadvantage of +ve Feedback
SIMPLE BLOCK DIAGRAM OF A FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER

+
Vin A Vo RL

βVo β
Vs
Vs + vf
Vo
AMPLIFIER WITH SAMPLING
GAIN RL
NETWORK

Vi
A

Mixer or
Comparator

FEEDBACK NETWORK

WITH GAIN β

Vf
TOPICS
 Derivation of equation for closed loop voltage gain or
transfer gain
 Proof for Advantages of Feedback

 Classification of feedback amplifiers

 Topologies based on samplers and mixers

SIMPLE BLOCK DIAGRAM OF AMPLIFIER WITHOUT
FEEDBACK

AMPLIFIER +
Vin WITH GAIN Vo
‘A’
-
 A= Open Loop voltage gain of an amplifier

 β = voltage gain of feedback network

 Af = closed loop voltage gain of an amplifier

 Advantages of –ve Feedback
• Transfer Gain
• Increase in BW
• Decrease in Distortion
• Decrease in Noise
• Increase in Stability

• BACK
bandwidth
 Range of frequencies for which an amplifier
provides best performance is called BW.
 Two frequencies take part in this bandwidth


f
Lower cut-off frequency ( 1)and Upper cut-
f
off frequency ( 2)

BW = 2f -f 1
EFFECT OF fb ON
BANDWIDTH

 Af = closed loop voltage gain of an amplifier

 β = voltage gain of feedback network
 Am = gain of amplifier at mid frequency
 Al = gain of amplifier at low frequencies
 Ah = gain of amplifier at high frequencies
 f1 = lower cut off frequency of amplifier without FB
 f2 = higher cut off frequency of amplifier without FB
 Large signal is applied such that transistor is slightly out
of linear operation.
 Due to this, output signal is slightly distorted.
 Now if –ve feedback is introduced in the circuit, voltage
gain slightly reduces.
 Output signal amplitude remains the same.
 Now if we measure distortion in both the cases, it can be
found that it is reduced by a factor of (1+Aβ).
 D ́= D/ (1+Aβ)
 BACK
 Noise always exist in an amplifier
 With the application of feedback, magnitude of
noise reduces by (1+Aβ) similar to distortion.
 N ́= N/ (1+Aβ)

 BACK
 OHP SHEET NO-3
 Sensitivity is now defined as the ratio of percentage
change in voltage gain with feedback to the ratio of
percentage change in voltage gain without feedback.
 De-sensitivity is the inverse of sensitivity.

 BACK
 Depending upon the magnitudes of input
impedance and output impedance w.r.t source
resistance (Rs) and load resistance (RL),
amplifiers are classified into four types.
› Voltage Amplifiers
› Current Amplifiers
› Trans-conductance Amplifiers
› Trans-resistance Amplifiers
› Voltage Amplifiers:
 Output Voltage Vo is proportional to signal voltage Vs.
 Refer OHP sheet – 4
› Current Amplifiers:
 Output Current (Io) or (IL) is proportional to signal current
Is.
 Refer OHP Sheet – 4
› Trans-conductance Amplifiers:
 Output Current (Io) or (IL) is proportional to input

voltage Vs.
 Refer OHP Sheet – 5
› Trans-resistance Amplifiers:
 Output Voltage Vo is proportional to input signal current Is.
 Refer OHP Sheet – 5
BACK
 Feedback topologies

VOLTAGE SERIES
VOLTAGE SHUNT
CURRENT SERIES
CURRENT SHUNT
 VOLTAGE SERIES FEEDBACK

Vs
Vs + vf
Vo
MIXER OR AMPLIFIER WITH SAMPLING
COMPARATOR GAIN RL
NETWORK
Vi A

FEEDBACK NETWORK

WITH GAIN β
Vf