RESEARCH METHODS IN

MANAGEMENT
 Course Contents:
• SECTION -I
• INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH
METHODS IN MANAGEMENT :
• 1. Meaning, Nature, Scope, Significance,
• uses and limitations.
• 2. Interaction between Management and
• Research.
• 3. Scientific Method and Research
• Process.
• 4. Problem formulation and statement of
• Research objectives.
• SECTION – II
• RESEARCH DESIGN & METHODS OF
• DATA COLLECTION :
• 1. Research Designs – Exploratory Res.
• Descriptive Research, Experimental
• Research designs.
• 2. Basic Methods of Collection of Data;
• Observation and Survey Method.
• 3. Search of Secondary Data.
• 4. Questionnaire Design.
• 5. Attitude Measurement Techniques.
• 6. Administration of Surveys.
• SECTION - III : SAMPLE DESIGN.
• 1. Sampling Concepts- Sampling -
• Different Methods of sampling.
• 2. Sample size decisions.
• SECTION - IV : DATA ANALYSIS.
• 1. Data processing- Editing, Coding,
• Classification, Tabulation, and Cross
• Tabulation.
 2. Techniques of Data Analysis
3. Hypothesis Testing.
4. Tests of significance and analysis of
associations.
5. Advanced Techniques for data analysis.
SECTION - V :INTERPRETATION AND
REPORT WRITING:
1. Meaning of Interpretation.
2. Significance of Report Writing.
• 3. Layout of the Research Report
(contents or chapters)
• 4. Precautions for Writing Research
• Reports.
• 5. Research Applications
• In addition to above, there will be
appropriate number of sessions for survey
purpose.
 REFERENCES:
• 1. Kothari C.R., Research Methodology,
New Age International Publishers, New
Delhi, 2009 edition.
• 2. Choudhary C.M., Research
Methodology, RBSA Publishers, Jaipur.
• 3. Rajendra Nargundkar, “ Marketing
Research – Texts and Cases”- Tata
McGraw Hill Publishing Co. Ltd. 2002.
• 4. Aaker Kumar, Dey “Marketing
Research” , Seventh Edition, John Wiley
and Sons Inc.
• 5. Cooper Schindler – “Business
Research Methods”, Sixth Edition, Tata
McGraw Hill.
• 6. Boyd, Westfall, Stasch, “Marketing
Research, Text and Cases” Seventh
Edition , AITBS, New Delhi, 1996.
• 7. Luck-Rubin, “Marketing Research”,
Sixth Edition, Prentice Hall of India, Tull &
Hawkins, Fifth edition, Maxwell
Machmillan International.
• 8. Richard I. Levin, David S. Rubin,
“Statistics for Management”, Prentice Hall,
India.
• INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH
METHODS IN MANAGEMENT.

• 1. MEANING & DEFINITION OF

• RESEARCH.
• 2. NATURE OF RESEARCH.
• 3. USE OF RESEARCH.
• 4. LIMITATIONS IN RESEARCH.
 MEANING OF RESEARCH:

• - Research in general refers to a search

for knowledge.
• - Finding solution to a problem is a
research.
• - Research is an Art of scientific
investigation.
 DEFINITIONS BY AUTHORS:

• 1. As per Webster’s Dictionary:

• “ A careful critical inquiry or

examination in seeking facts for
principles, careful investigation in
order to ascertain something”.
• 2. As per Advanced Learner’s Dictionary
of Current English:--

“ A careful investigation or inquiry

specially through search for new
facts in any branch of knowledge.”
• 3. As per Redmon and Mory:

“Systematized effort to gain new

knowledge is known as research.”
• Research always starts with a question or
a problem.
• Its purpose is to find answers to questions
through the application of the scientific
method.
• It is a systematic and intensive study
directed towards a more complete
knowledge of the subject studied.
• Research is based on some facts or on
problems.
• For doing research collection of data and
processing of data is done to know the
results.
• The search for knowledge through
objective and systematic method of finding
solution to a problem is called Research.
• Research can be classified into two broad
categories:
• (1) Basic Research, and
• (2) Applied Research.
• Basic research is sometimes called
‘fundamental’ research or ‘theoretical’
research, or ‘pure’ research.
• Applied Research, which is also called
‘decisional’ research, on the other hand,
proceeds with a certain problem and it
specifies alternative solutions and the
possible outcomes of each alternative.
 SALIENT FEATURES OF
RESEARCH:
• (1) objective of Research:
• The objective or purpose of any
research is to find out facts. On the
basis of facts inferences (conclusions)
are drawn. Ultimately the real situation
is known through Research.
• (2) Reliability and Validity:
• Truth is the foundation of
Research. This can be established on
• the basis of facts and evidence. Evidence
is based on sufficient and reliable data.
The reliability and validity can be attained
when the error of sampling is minimized.
• (3) Verification of Data:-
• Any conclusion drawn by a Researcher
is subject to the quality of verification.
• Verification pre-supposes the
phenomenon of research being observed
and measured.
• If a research is not based on
observation and measurement, the
verification of data will not be possible and
inferences (or conclusions) or findings
drawn from such studies will not serve the
purpose.
• (4). Accuracy:-
• In any type of research study, census
or sampling methods are used.
Researcher or Investigator should be well-
versed with the techniques/methods used
for collecting information or data.
• Complete accuracy can be attained
when standard tools are used for
collecting, recording and analyzing the
• Information or data.
• (5) Impartiality:
• If the data are partial, it will lead to a
wrong information with wrong result.
• Thus, a research should be impartial
while collecting data. Partiality leads to
wrong information and it fails to give fruitful
results to the Investigator/Researcher.
• (6) Scientific Approach:
• Traditional (old) culture of research
was different as compared with today’s
modern or scientific research.
• Today, scientific methods are used
in research to attain reliable results or
findings.
• (7) Recording and Reporting:
• Every term used in research should
• Be well defined. Every procedure should
also be described in detail. Any limiting
factor should also be mentioned and taken
into account. Various references used
(i.e. Books, periodicals, journals, Articles,
web-site etc.) in research should be
carefully and systematically
documented/recorded. Results of
research should be properly recorded.
• Conclusions and generalizations
should be drawn with due care with the
limitations of Methodology and data
available for research.
• All these data can be used as a source
of investigation for further research, in
future.
 TYPES OF RERSEARCH:
• 1. Descriptive and Analytical Research
• 2. Applied and Fundamental Research
• 3. Qualitative & Quantitative Research
• 4. Conceptual and Empirical Research
• 5. Survey and Evaluation Research
• 6. Other types of Research.
 DESCRIPTIVE vs. ANALYTICAL
RESEARCH
• Descriptive Research includes Surveys
and Fact-finding enquiries of different
kinds.
• The purpose of DR is to know the present
state of affairs as it exists at present.
• The main characteristic of this method is
that the researcher has no control over the
variables.
• Researcher can report- what has
happened or what is happening.
• Examples: (i) Frequency of shopping;
• (ii) Preferences of people.
• Method of Descriptive Research is Survey
methods (all methods of surveys).
• - Survey may be for comparison of two
items.
• - Survey may be for finding correlation between
two items.
• Example:- Age group of MBA students of Two
Institutions.
• Age group of Male or Female students in one
Institution.
• In Analytical Research, the researcher has to
use facts or information which is already
available with him and he has to analyze
• those facts (or data) or information to
make a critical evaluation of the material.
• Example: There are 60 students in
PGDBM. Facts available is about their
qualification i.e.
B.Com./B.Sc./B.V.Sc,/B.A./B.E./B.Pharm.
• Researcher can analyze these data as
under:-
• Stream No. Ist IInd Percentage

• 1. B.Com. 30 25 5 50%
• 2. B,Sc. 23 20 3 39%
• 3. B.V.Sc. 2 1 1 3%
• 4. B. Pharm. 1 1 - 2%
• 5. B.E. 2 2 - 3%
• 6. B.A. 2 2 - 3%
• ----------------------------------------------------
• 60 51 9 100
• ----------------------------------------------------
 2. APPLIED vs. FUNDAMENTAL
RESEARCH
• Applied Research means action research.
Fundamental Research means basic or
pure research.
• Applied research aims at finding a solution
for an immediate problem facing a society
or an industries/business organization.
• Fundamental research is mainly
concerned with generalizations or with
formulation of a theory.
• Collecting data for knowledge is pure
research.
• Example: Going to Bharatpur at Ghana
Bird’s Century. Observing and collecting
data on different types of Birds, their size,
Shape, colour, habits, nest, taking photo
etc. is known as fundamental research.
Differentiating between Local & migrated
Birds.
• Research concerning some natural
phenomenon is known as fundamental
research.
• Other examples can be:
• - (i) Human Behaviour
• - (ii) Human Habits
• - (iii) Human Psychology
• - (iv) Human Priorities.
• Applied Research:
• Where research is connected with
Economic, Social, Political ,Business
problem and certain solution to the
problem is done, it is known as Applied
Research.
• The aim of applied research is to
discover a solution for some pressing
practical problem.
 Examples:

• (i) Liking of people about a particular

Newspaper - Rajasthan Patrika
• - Dainik Bhasker - Times of India
• - Dainik Nav Joyti - Hindustan Times
• - Nav Bharat Times - Economic Times
• (ii) Liking of Society about some
consumer products :
• (i) Buiscuits: Britania, Marie Gold etc.
• (ii) Shoe Company: Bata, Reebok, CSC,
• (iii) Motor Cycle : Suzuki, Rajdoot,Honda,
• Splender, Bullet etc.
• (iv) Ghee/Butter : Saras, Amul, Anik,
• Krishna, Milk-food, etc.
• (v) Political Party : Congress, BJP, DMK,
• JD, Lok Dal, others.
• Liking of consumer products may be :
• - About Quality,
• - Size/Colour
• - Price/Cost
• - Taste/Flavour
• - Packaging
• - Comfort etc.
 3. QUANTITATIVE vs.
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
• Quantitative Research is based on the
number or measurement of quantity or
amount. It can be expressed in terms of
quantity say 10,20,50,100,1000 and so on.
• Qualitative Research is concerned with
quality phenomenon. Research study
relating to Quality or kind of Material is
known as Qualitative Research (based on
its performance).
• Quality may indicate --
• Desires, Motives, Opinion, or Attitude.
• QR also study the reasons for Human
Behaviour and liking and dis-likings have
reasons for it. Example : Organic and
Inorganic Foods( Vegetables & Fruits),
Free from Chemicals.
• Thus, QR is also known as Motivational
Research.
• How people feel or what they think about a
particular subject matter or institution is also a
qualitative research.
• Example: There are many Management
Education Institutions in Jaipur and
• - What do you think about IRM, and other Instt.
• - What do you compare about IRM with others.
• - How do you rate IRM with other Institutions.
• People think about quality of the subject
matter.(Faculty, Library, Teaching, etc.).
• It may be a product or may be an
Institution.(Popular for Placements).
• Here, the Behaviour of Consumer(user) is
reflected. So the Human Behaviour is
directly connected with quality of things.
• People have liking and disliking about a
particular thing based on their behaviour.
• Due care is required to be taken in Qualitative
Research.
• 4. CONCEPTUAL vs. EMPIRICAL
RESEARCH:
• Conceptual research is based on some
theory which is existing and is in practice. So
whatever theory is existing – further research is
done to know new concepts in it. Fresh opinion
may be taken on any past studies, will be CR.
• Re-interpretation on existing theory is
made under Conceptual Research.
• Empirical Research( Data based) is
based on Experiments or observation or
experiencing something. It is data-based
research, with conclusions which are
capable of being verified by observation or
by experiments.
• For Example: Concept & Theory says
that Maruti 800 Car can run at a speed of
120 km/hour. (M/Cycle :90km in a litre).
• By using the Car on experimental basis or
test drive basis, the speed can be
observed and verified or further
improvement can be done by changing the
mechanism or change in fuel combination.
 5. OTHER TYPES OF
RESEARCH:
• (a) Laboratory Research (For testing
Chemical or other reactions on something.
• (b) Diagnostic Research (to know
causes/investigating the reasons). Blood Test to
know the sugar and other contents (clinical
Research).
• (c) Historical Research (Documents, structure
etc. or ideas of the past. Forts, Monuments,
Sculptures, Coins, manuscript etc.
 RESEARCH APPROACHES:
• There are different approaches or
methods of doing research. There are
Two Basic Approaches in Research:
• (A) Quantitative Approach.
• (B) Qualitative Approach
• (A) QUANTITATIVE APPROACH:
• (i) It involves generation of Data in
quantitative form. Data can be analysed in
various forms and findings may arrive at.
• (ii) Characteristics of data & their
relationship of population is find out.
• (iii) Generally, in Quantitative Research
– Survey is done & sample of population is
studied. (Liking of Coca-Cola/ Pepsi).
• (iv) Literacy level, Average number of
persons in a family, are quantitative.
• (iv) Survey can be done through
questionnaire/Observation method.
• (B) QUALITATIVE APPROACH:
• Qualitative approach of Research is
undertaken to know :-
• (a) Attitude of population (about use of some
product Say : Colgate Toothpaste);
• (b) Opinion of population (about any political
party or group of people);
• (c) Behaviour of population (about some
product e.g. T.V./Fridge/WM/Vehicle).
• In all above approaches interview or depth
interview of a focus-group (identified
persons) is taken.
• SIGNIFICANCE OF RESEARCH:
• Significance means importance or
usefulness of research.
• Why Research ? Or
• What is the use of Research?
• The Answer is –
• Research is used to solve the problems in
the Society/Business/Govt. Organization.
• By the use of Research, operational
problems of Business/Govt. is solved.
• Research helps in forming Economic
Policy for both – Govt. and in Business.
• Needs & Desires of the people are known
through Survey and Research. Then,
Govt. look at the availability of
Resources/Revenues to meet the needs of
the people.
• NEEDS MAY BE :
• -Need of Buses on a particular rout.
• -Availability of Food-grains for public.
• - Need of Road, Water Supply by Govt.
• - Need of Market in the Colonies (HB).
• - Need of Dairy Booth for Milk Supply.
• - Need of School/College/ Tech.Edu.Ins.
• - Any other need of Public/Business.
• For all above needs, the Govt. sees the
availability of things and funds.
• The cost of needs is assessed.
• Probable income/revenue generation is
also looked into. (Charges/Taxes)
• Through Research, alternative policies can
be decided that which activity/need will be
fulfilled by whom i.e. by Govt. or by Private
People or under Public-Private-
Partnership (PPP).
• For Example: To run Roadways/Hospitals
• Or Collection of Electricity/Telephone Bills.
• Economic Activities are undertaken by Govt. on
the basis of Surveys & decisions are taken by
Govt. for Public interest. (Collection of Bill
through e-Governance system)
• Like wise for Business activities, Govt. allows to
business people to do an Economic Activity.
• For Example: (i) Procurement of Food-grain:
• -50% is done by Govt./Govt. Agencies &
• -50% is done by Private Business people
• (ii) Construction of Houses:
• - 50% is done by Govt. Agencies;
• Housing Boards, HUDCO,UIT/JDA
• DRDA or Gram Panchayat etc.
• - 50% is done by Private Builders or
• .Cooperative Societies.
• (iii) Educational Institutions:
• - Govt. & Private both are doing.
• (iv) Generation of Electricity & Distribution
• to public:
• -Both Govt. and Private Sector is doing.
• (v) For distribution of Cooking Gas the Govt.
• have given this work to Private Agency.
• - For other activities also the Govt. and
Private sector is engaged in all types of
Economic Activities for public. The needs are
identified through Research i.e. survey
method.
• Research has its special significance in
solving various operational and planning
problems of Business and Industry.
• MARKET RESEARCH is done :-
• - For Development of Market,
• - For Business Decisions,
• - For Policy Formulation for purchase,
• production and sales of some product.
•

• SOCIAL RESEARCH
• Social relationship and Problem include :-
• (a) Study of Child Care & Development
especially in Rural or Backward areas.
• (b) Study of Mother & Child Care
(especially for pregnant lady and infant).
• (c) Health Care and Nutritional Diet in
Rural area.
• (d) Primary Education in Rural Area.
• (e) Livelihood generation activities
• IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH:
• 1. Research is important in solving
operational problems of Govt. as well as
that of Business Houses.
• 2. Research plays an important role in
framing Economic Policy of the Country
which may be related to :-
• - (a) Agricultural Production.
• - (b) Price Policy of Commodities.
• -(c) Distribution of Essential Commodities
• -(d) Import-Export Policy.
• -(e) Industrial Policy.
• -(f) Economic Reforms through
• Privatization.
• -(g) Public and Private Participation Policy
• -(h) Employment Perspective (areas)
• -(i) Poverty Reduction Programme.
• -(j) Taxation Policy.
• 3. Research gives basis to Govt. for taking
decision for development of Big and small
Industries, Farming Development, Size of
Defence Services (increasing number of
Soldiers etc.),or any important area of
Development.
• 4. Market Research gives information to
Business and Industry to take decisions
for production & Sales i.e. Market
Behaviour (about liking & disliking of
Product by public).
• 5. Research provides information (various
factors) related to Future Demand of a
product in Business.
• 6. Business Research shows – Need of change
in Budgting, affecting Profit & Loss based on
Sales estimates.
• 7. Business Research gives information
regarding forecasting of Sales of a product or
services (e.g. Sale of Maruti Car or Honda Motor
Cycle.
• 8. Research is important for Social Scientists in
studying relationships & seeking answers to
various Social Problems.
• 9. Research is important for Ph.D.
students or Research Scholars or students
of Management.
• 10. Research is important for
Philosophers, and thinkers for writing new
ideas & insights for public.
• 11. Scientific Research is important for
development of Nation in all areas.
• Thus, Research is the fountain of
knowledge for the sake of knowledge to
solve different business/Governmental and
Social Problems.
• =======
• DIFFERENCE BETWEEN Research
Methods (or techniques) and Research
Methodology:
 RESEARCH METHODS
• Research Methods are all those
methods/Techniques which are used for
conduct of Research.
• The methods used in performing research
operations are known as Research
Methods.
• Research Methods can be divided in 3
groups:
• Group I : COLLECTION OF PRIMARY
DATA
• Those methods which are connected with
the Collection of Data. (for collection of
Primary Data).
• Primary data are collected where
secondary data are not sufficient to arrive
at the required solution of a problem.
• Group II: ANALYSIS OF DATA.
• This group consists of those statistical
Techniques which are used for
establishing relationships between the
data and the unknowns (Mean, Mode etc.)
• Group III: TESTING OF ANALYSED
DATA:
• It consists of those methods which are
used to evaluate the accuracy of the
results obtained( T-test, Z Test, Chi-Sq.).
• Methods falling in Group II and III (above)
are generally taken as Analytical Tools
of Research.
• RESEARCH METHODOLOGY:
• It is a way to solve the research
problem systematically. RM includes the
use of various tests, calculation of Mean,
Mode, the Median or the Standard
Deviation, or Chi-Square Test.
• Only relevant research method/s should
be used and applied in research.
Researcher should also know
assumptions, and their use.
• Research Methodology may differ from
one problem to other problem (Study).
• For selecting any Research Method, the
researcher has to give reasons for it.
• Research Methodology has many
dimensions and Research method/s
is/are a part of Research Methodology.
• Research Methodology is a wider term as
compared with Research methods.
• In Research Methodology, we mention first
about Research Methods, along with its
logic. We also explain that why we are
using a particular method/technique.
• Certain Question and Answer will make
more clear about the Research
Methodology, as under :-
• Q. 1. Why a Research Study has been
undertaken ?
• Ans. The objective of study should be
highlighted. It may be a comparative
study.
• Q. 2. How the Research Problem has been
defined ?
• Ans. : What has been done in past and what
scope of study exists, is required to be
highlighted.
• Q. 3.: In what way and why the Hypothesis has
been formulated ?
• Ans. : To study and compare two area may be
the hypothesis (Purpose of study/Basis of
study).
• Q. 4. Which data have been collected out of
many ?
• Ans. : We can say that 10% data have been
collected on sampling basis.
• Q.5 : Which particular method has been
adopted/selected ?
• Ans.: We can say-Random sample/Cluster
sample/Systematic/Deliberate/Area sample
method has been selected (with reason).
• Q.6. Why particular technique of Analysing data
has been used ?
• Ans. :We can say about
Mean/mode/median/Standard Deviation /Z-
Test/T-Test/Chi-square Test have been used
(with reasons).

• SCIENTIFIC METHOD OF RESEARCH:

• 1. It is based on Numerical data evidence.
• 2. It is based on certain Objective only.
• 3. It aims at making adequate and correct
statements about population objects
(Targeted population- Rural/Urban ).
• 4. It gives results on probable predictions.
• 5. Its methodology used is known to all.
• 6. It can formulate Scientific Theories.
 RESEARCH PROCESS
• Research process is also known as Steps
in Research.
• Research process consists of series of
actions or steps necessary to carry out
research.
• Research process guides a researcher to
conduct research in sequence.
Research Process in Flow Chart
• I Define Research Problem (object of study)
• 2. Review the Literature
(a) Review concepts & Theories
(b) Review previous research findings
• 3. Formulate Hypothesis (what you want
• to do- mention here).
• 4. Design Research (including sample
design)
• 5. Collect Data (execution)
• 6. Analyse Data (Test hypotheses,if any)
• 7. Interprete the Data and Prepare Report

•
• USEFUL PROCEDURAL GUIDELINE
REGARDING RESEARCH PROCESS
IS AS FOLLOWS:

1. Formulating the Research Problem

2. Extensive Literature Survey
3. Developing the Hypothesis
4. Preparing the Research Design
• 5. Determining sample Design
• 6. Collecting the data
• 7. Execution of the project work.
• 8. Analysis of data
• 9. Hypothesis Testing
• 10.Generalizatin and Interpretation
• 11.Preparation of the report or
• presentation of the results i.e. formal
write-up of conclusions reached by
research.
• BRIEF DETAILS ABOUT THESE 11
POINTS:-
• - Identify the problem, you want to study.
• - Aspect of a subject matter that you would
like to study (or inquire into).
• - See that it is feasible to study the
problem or subject matter you have
selected for study.
• - Two steps are involved here (in
formulating the research problem:
• (a) Understand the problem thoroughly,
• (b) Rephrasing (or re-defining) the same
into meaningful terms.
• Thus, discuss the issue with friends and
your Faculty Guide, and the Administrative
Heads of Institution/Company/Corporate
House etc. where you will conduct
Research Work.
• You are required to read two types of
Literature : (a) Conceptual Literature
(theory based) and (b) Empirical Literature
(Studies made earlier on the subject).
• So, check-up Statement of Objective
(Title of your Research) because it will
determine the data which are to be
collected.
• 2. EXTENSIVE LITERATURE SURVEY:
• DESIGNING THE RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY:
• Research Methodology depends on TWO
FACTORS:
• (1) Target Population ( Urban, Semi-
urban or Rural).
• (2) Importance of decision which will be
taken based on the Research.
• Major parts of Research Methodology are:
• 1. Research Method –(method to be used
• for data collection).
• (a) Secondary Data (available record),
• Research starts with secondary data.
• (b) Primary Data: (ending research with
• Primary data.
• Primary source (for data) may be :-
• (i) Customers
• (ii) Buyers
• (iii) Users/Consumers
• (iv) Dealers
• (v) Distributors
• (vi) Retailers
• (vii) Other Respondents
• 2. Sampling Plan.
• 3. Questionnaire Design.
• 4. Field Work-Plan
• 5. Analysis Plan.
• Data collection from Respondents can be
done by many different methods. The
major methods, commonly used are:-
• (1) Survey Method,
• (2) Observation Method,
• (3) Experimentation method,
• (4) Qualitative &Quantitative Techniques.
• (5) Other Techniques or methods.
• 1. SURVERY METHOD:
– By Telephone (Advantage &
Disadvanatage – Low cost but is fast)
– By Mail – (It is a slow method & Time
consuming, non-respondents are more)
• In Person :- Question can be explained to
respondent, facial reaction & body
language can be observed.
• - By E-mail (using Internet):
• -It does not represent true sample.
• -May have computer/Laptop or not.
• -For speedy work Telephone & e-mail
would be excellent methods.
• Personal Interviews are the preferred
method for doing surveys in India.
Other methods (i.e. mail & Telephone)
may be useful – will depend on target
population and the objectives of the
Research.
• 2. OBSERVATION METHOD:
• - In this method consumer’s behaviour is
recorded.
• - Recording can be done by noting on
papers by some other person, or
• - A video Camera can record a
customer’s behaviour where he/she buys
a product – say a Garment, then-
– PRICE, COLOUR, FABRIC may reveal his
facial expression i.e. Buying Behaviour.
• On the basis of video tap- one can
interpret for the purchase factors,
purchase behaviour, brand preference,
price and colour preference – age factor
also reflect behaviour.
• It gives more accurate information. It is an
expensive method.
• 3. EXPERIMENTATION METHOD:
• -It is a quantitative research method.
• - It involves more control over the cause
and effect when compare to survey
method.