CLIENT SERVER NETWORKS &

INTERNET

By – Mrs. Kanchan Patil

1
Table of contents :-
1. Types of Networks
2. Features of Client-Server Networks
3. Introduction to Internet
4. Network
5. What is Internet ?
6. Components to get connected on Internet
7. What we can do on internet
8. Internet Naming Conventions and Services
9. Browser
10.Advantages of Internet
11.Disadvantages of internet
12.Security
2
 Peer To Peer Networks
Advantages Disadvantages
Very Little Security - Each
Allow Simple File And Print
Computer On The Network
Sharing
Controls It's Own Security
Heavier Load On Computers -
Low Cost - No Need For
Resource Sharing Causes
Separate Server-Client
Higher Processor Usage, And
Software, Or Additional Server
Therefore Slows Down
Computers
Computers

No Central Data Storage -

Easy Set-up - No Need For A
Network Administrator
Only Work For Small Networks

3
 Sever/Client Networks
Advantages Disadvantages
Very Strong Security Which Is also
less Intrusive than Peer To Peer Expensive Dedicated hardware
Security
Central File Storage - Everybody
Expensive Dedicated Server And
Works From The Same Data, And
Client Software Licenses
Backups Are Much Easier

Ability to share equipment such as

Printers, Modems, and Plotters

Faster data sharing and resource

sharing Dedicated Network Administrator
usually required
Easy management of large numbers
of users
Central Organization, which keeps
data from getting lost among
Computers 4
 Client Server Network

 Division
Division of
of labour
labour
 client
client program
program handles
handles user
user interface
interface and
and light
light
processing
processing chores
chores
 server
server program
program handles
handles heavy
heavy work,
work, like
like database
database
retrieval,
retrieval, and
and accessing
accessing centralised
centralised resources
resources
Server
Client Program Program

Client Machine Server

5
Network :-

Computer 4 Computer 3

Printer

Server

Computer 2
Computer 1
6
 INTERNET

Network of Networks.
Wan Connects thousand of networks containing computers and software all
around the world.
7
INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET :-

Time taken to distribute information is reduced to seconds

8
 INTERNET :-

Internet is a global network of different types of

computers and computer networks all over the world,
allowing one to access information over the network and
enabling information exchange.

9
Development of internet

Arpanet : Advanced research project agency network

Developed by U.S department of defense to connect all
computers from research institutes to spread the
defense research.
It provides data transfer even if part of network is
destroyed or malfunctioning.
Tcp/ip : Transmission control protocol internet protocol
Defined the rules for communication between computers
on network.
Html : Hypertext markup language developed to store and
access information seamlessly across the world
independent of O.S and hardware. Information stored in the
form of html web pages on web servers.
Browsers : Software developed to interpret these html
pages.
10
To get on the Internet:-

1) Computer

2) Modem

3) Software
1) Operating System
2) Browser.

4) Internet Service Provider

11
 Main Server

Internet Service
Provider

Modem
12
 Main Server

Internet Service
Provider

Proxy
server

Computer 1 Computer 2 Computer 3 Computer 4 Computer

13 5
 Main Server

Internet Service
Provider
Wireless
Connection

Server

14
Laptop
What can we do on the Internet:-

1) Communication

2) Document/File transfer

3) Browsing

4)E-Commerce

5) Reading and posting to topic specific bulletin boards

15
Internet Naming Conventions

 For most Internet users, the four-octet address

representation, called a dotted decimal, is too
cumbersome. Therefore, most users substitute a
naming convention called a uniform resource
locator (URL). A URL uses names and
abbreviations given to unique piece of
information on internet.
 Eg. http://www.microsoft.com

 Domain names are a hierarchical word-oriented

representation of an Internet address.
16
Root Level Domain Names
Com Commercial enterprise
edu education, for example, a university
gov U.S. government
mil U.S. military
net network service
org nonprofit organization
at Austria
au Australia
be Belgium
ca Canada
de Denmark
es Spain
fi Finland
fr France
it Italy
jp Japan
us United States
17
Domain Name Hierarchy

Countries
AF AU CA CN DE FR JP...US...ZW Most General

COM EDU GOV MIL NET ORG Organizational

ABC Acme BGH….XYZ Companies

grumpy doc sneezy… bashful Hosts

18
 Some URL Protocols

http hypertext transfer protocol

ftp file transfer protocol
news Access a newsgroup or new
article.
Use the Gopher text-oriented
Gopher
access.

19
Services:-
Email :
allows to send digital messages to anyone with an email
account. Sending email consists of
accessing the Internet,
logging into your email account,
entering the email address of the person
Email can also be sent automatically to a large number
of addresses.

FTP :
A very common method of moving files between two
computers on Internet .Can transfer files between
different O.S .Files stored on Ftp servers 20
Telnet :
Telnet is a protocol for remote computing on the Internet.

Usenet News :
Usenet News, is a large collection of discussion
groups, covering a wide range of topics. These electronic
newsgroups are available internationally.
allows people with common interest to share ideas

Gopher :
text information retrieval system available prior to
web.Does not support multimedia or graphical display.
21
Internet relay chat :
IRC allows pair or group of users to
exchange messages in real time .
Communication is done by typing
messages.Special software are downloaded
from intrenet.

Internet Phone :
Send and receive voice calls across internet
in real time.Users can talk long distance at low
expenses.

Video conferencing :
Creates virtual meetings where all people can
hear & view each other.Video images are
transmitted along with voice at high speed. 22
WWW

World Wide Web

popular & widespread information
service.
Comprises of vast collection of html
pages stored on http servers.

23
Browser:-

A client software program used for

searching and viewing various kinds of
Internet resources such as information
on a web site.

In other words, a program that allows a

user to find, view, hear, and interact
with material on the World Wide Web.
24
25
26
Available Browser:-

1.Netscape Navigator
2.Internet Explorer
3.Opera
4.Mozilla

27
Advantages : -

1. Government
2. Student
3. Citizen
4. Employer
5. Non IT Companies
6. IT Companies
7. ITES

28
Disadvantages : -

1. Faith
2. Piracy
3. Virus
4. Unauthorised Access

29
Security : -

1. Authentication
2. Firewall
3. Encryption
4. Digital Certification

30
Conclusion : -

Internet is
Networks of computer networks.

Information Highway.

connecting whole world

on 24x7 basis.

31
 E commerce
Electronic Commerce is the
business environment in which
information for buying, selling
and transportation of goods
and services moves
electronically.
32
 Benefits of Electronic Commerce
 Improved productivity:
Time required to create ,transfer and
process a business transaction between
trading partners is reduced.
 Cost Saving :
Efficient communication ,quicker
turnaround time and closer access to
markets

33
Streamlined Business Processes :
Businesses use internet to share
information such as promotional plans,
point-of-sale data, and sales forecasts.
Better Customer Service :
Customers can enjoy the convenience
of shopping at any hour, anywhere in the
world.
Opportunities for New Businesses
Business over Internet have a global
customer reach.
34
 Four main areas where
companies conduct business
online

 Direct marketing and selling.

 Online banking and billing.
 Secure distribution of information.
 Value chain trading and corporate
purchasing.

35
 Eg. Of E-commerce
 Airline reservation system.
 Stock trading
 Order processing
 Insurance

36
 Types of Internet access
 1) Dialup access
2) Broadband access

37
 Narrowband Internet
Connections
 Dial-Up Internet: Connection rates 2,400 bps &
56,000 bps, which is incredibly slow Dial-up modems
are attached internally or externally to a given
computer, and then connected using a standard
telephone cable.
 ISDN: ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network)
Internet connections are a type of digital telephone
connection. Basic Rate Interface (BRI) ISDN
connections transmit data right around the broadband
cutoff at 100 Kbps. Although a better Internet
connection option than dial-up, ISDN connections are
still more or less outdated.
 Typical ISDN speeds range from 64 Kbps to 128 Kbps.

38
 Dialup access
 slow connection speed compared to
broadband .
 many disconnects or "drops".
 dialup is not much cheaper than
comparable broadband access

39
 Broadband can be classified
 1) Cable internet access - very fast access
offered through your cable television
company
2) DSL - Digital Subscriber Line access -
offered through your local telephone
company
3) Fiber Optic access - if available - offered
through your telephone company
4) Satellite internet access - used primarily in
rural areas where cheaper alternatives are
not available
5) Wireless internet access - offered through
a PDA or cell phone, a rapidly growing area
of internet service
40
 Cable

 Through the use of a cable modem you can have

a broadband Internet connection that is designed
to operate over cable TV lines. Cable Internet
works by using TV channel space for data
transmission, with certain channels used for
downstream transmission, and other channels for
upstream transmission. Because the coaxial cable
used by cable TV provides much greater
bandwidth than telephone lines, a cable modem
can be used to achieve extremely fast access.
 Cable speeds range from 512 Kbps to 20 Mbps

41
 Satellite

 Internet over Satellite (IoS) allows a user to

access the Internet via a satellite that orbits the
earth. A satellite is placed at a static point above
the earth's surface, in a fixed position. Because
of the enormous distances signals must travel
from the earth up to the satellite and back again,
IoS is slightly slower than high-speed terrestrial
connections over copper or fiber optic cables.
 Typical Internet over Satellite connection speeds
(standard IP services) average around 492 up to
512 Kbps.

42
Wireless Internet Connections
 WiFi is also commonly known as wireless
networking or an 802.11 network
 WiFi is short for wireless fidelity

43
 Wi-Fi
 Wireless fidelity and is meant to be used
generically when referring of any type of 802.11
network
 Wi-Fi product use radio frequency 2.4GHz for
802.11b or 11g, 5GHz for 802.11a
 Formerly, the term "Wi-Fi" was used only in
place of the 2.4GHz 802.11b standard, in the
same way that "Ethernet" is used in place of
IEEE 802.3.

44
45
 How Wi fi works
 One wireless router can allow multiple devices to
connect to the Internet.
 A wireless network uses radio waves, just like
cell phones, televisions and radios do.
 A computer's wireless adapter translates data into a
radio signal and transmits it using an antenna.
 A wireless router receives the signal and decodes it. It
sends the information to the Internet using a physical,
wired Ethernet connection.
 The higher frequency allows the signal to carry more
data.

46
Wireless adapters can plug into a computer's PC
card slot or USB port.

47
Linksys WAP54G 802.11b/g Wireless Access
Point

Cisco Aironet® 1242AG (AIR-AP1242AG-

A-K9) (AIRAP1242AGAK9) 802.11a/b/g W
ireless Access Point

48
 Building a Wireless Network

 Most new laptops and many new desktop

computers come with built-in wireless
transmitters. If your laptop doesn't, you
can buy a wireless adapter that plugs into
the PC card slot or USB port. Desktop
computers can use USB adapters, or you
can buy an adapter that plugs into the PCI
slot inside the computer's case. Many of
these adapters can use more than one
802.11 standard.
49
When you turn your computer on in a
WiFi hotspot, the computer will inform
you that the network exists and ask
whether you want to connect to it .

50
A wireless router uses an antenna to send signals
to wireless devices and a wire to send signals to the
internet.

A wireless router allows you to use wireless signals

or Ethernet cables to connect your computers to
one another, to a printer and to the Internet. Most
routers provide coverage for about 100 feet (30.5
meters) in all directions, although walls and doors
can block the signal. If your home is very large, you
can buy inexpensive range extenders or repeaters
to increase your router's range.

51
 How to "Go Wireless"- 
 In order to set up a computer with a wireless
Internet connection, you need to buy a network
card (802.11a, 802.11b, or 802.11g) and install it
in your existing desktop or laptop computer
 find a hotspot is the access point for wireless
networks, which connects the computer to the
Internet
 Each hotspot can handle from 10 to 100 network
cards at once, depending on the quality of the
access point.
 you can find hotspots in many restaurants,
cafés, hotels, airports and libraries
52
 How Does Wireless Work
An access point (AP) with an antenna is physically connected to
a conventional wired Ethernet network and serves as a bridge
to the wireless network .
In order to indicate its presence to wireless clients in its listening
area, an AP announces itself broadcasting a Service Set
Identifier (SSID) approximately 10 times per second .
The SSID identifies the name of the network. PCs that are
within range and equipped with a wireless network interface
card can receive the SSID, associate with the WLAN and
request an IP address that will allow them to connect to the
local network, surf the Internet, and view network folders.

53
To keep your network private, you
can use one of the following
methods:
Wired Equivalency Privacy
(WEP) uses 64-bit or 128-bit encryption.
128-bit encryption is the more secure
option. Anyone who wants to use a WEP-
enabled network has to know the WEP
key, which is usually a numerical
password

54
 WiFi Protected Access
(WPA) is a step up from WEP and is
now part of the 802.11i wireless
network security protocol.
As with WEP, WPA security involves
signing on with a password. Most
public hotspots are either open or use
WPA or 128-bit WEP technology.

55
 Media Access Control
(MAC) address filtering is a little different
from WEP or WPA. It doesn't use a password
to authenticate users - it uses a computer's
physical hardware. Each computer has its
own unique MAC address. MAC address
filtering allows only machines with specific
MAC addresses to access the network. You
must specify which addresses are allowed
when you set up your router. This method is
very secure, but if you buy a new computer or
if visitors to your home want to use your
network, you'll need to add the new
machines' MAC addresses to the list of
approved addresses.
56
 DSL
 What they have in common is that
they are all high-speed connections
and they provide the customer with
“always online” service. 

57
A high-speed connection transmitting /
receiving data at a rate of 256 Kbits/s or more
is considered to be a broadband Internet
connection (although most cable and DSL
broadband connections tend to average 512
Kbits/s).
Broadband Internet access allows for a
continuous connection to the Internet without
the hassle of having to log on or sign on to a
carrier. Simply start up your computer and
open the browser to begin surfing the Web
faster than ever before

58
 Important Things to Remember
About DSL Services

1.  DSL Broadband is an Internet connection

that shares the same cable as your
telephone.  It still provides you with
“always on” Internet access without having
to dial-up.          

59
2.  One of the main perks of DSL is that, since
each subscriber has high-speed Internet through
their own phone line, they are not sharing
bandwidth with anyone else and therefore, the
quality of their Internet connection is not
compromised during peak usage times (5 p.m. –
11 p.m.).
3  DSL is distance sensitive, meaning that the
farther away from the central office you are, the
less desirable your connection will be.
60
 VSAT
 Short form very small aperture terminal, an
earthbound station used in satellite
communications of data, voice and video
signals.
 VSAT consists of two parts, a transceiver that is
placed outdoors in direct line of sight to the
satellite and a device that is placed indoors to
interface the transceiver with the end user's
communications device, such as a PC

61
62
 Typical applications for interactive VSAT networks are:

computer communications;
reservation systems;
database enquiries;
billing systems;
file transfers;
electronic mail;
video conferencing;
point of sale transactions;
credit checks and credit card verification;
stock control and management.
63
 Bluetooth Operation

Bluetooth networking transmits data

via low-power radio waves. It
communicates on a frequency of 2.45
gigahertz (actually between 2.402 GHz
and 2.480 GHz, to be exact). This
frequency band has been set aside by
international agreement for the use of
industrial, scientific and medical
devices (ISM).
64
Bluetooth device to about 10 meters (32 feet), cutting
the chances of interference between your computer
system and your portable telephone or television. Even
with the low power, Bluetooth doesn't require line of
sight between communicating devices.
Bluetooth can connect up to eight devices
simultaneously
Bluetooth uses a technique called spread-spectrum
frequency hopping that makes it rare for more than one
device to be transmitting on the same frequency at the
same time. In this technique, a device will use 79
individual, randomly chosen frequencies within a
designated range, changing from one to another on a
regular basis.
65
 Introduction
Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) is comprised of
digital telephony and data-transport services offered by
regional telephone carriers. ISDN involves the digitization
of the telephone network, which permits voice, data, text,
graphics, music, video, and other source material to be
transmitted over existing telephone wires. The emergence
of ISDN represents an effort to standardize subscriber
services, user/network interfaces, and network and
internetwork capabilities. ISDN applications include high-
speed image applications additional telephone lines in
homes to serve the telecommuting industry, high-speed
file transfer, and videoconferencing. Voice service is also
an application for ISDN.

66
 There are two types of ISDN:

Basic Rate Interface (BRI) -- consists

of two 64-Kbps B-channels and one
D-channel for transmitting control
information.

Primary Rate Interface (PRI) --

consists of 23 B-channels and one
D-channel (U.S.) or 30 B-channels
and one D-channel (Europe).
67
 ISDN BRI Service
The ISDN Basic Rate Interface (BRI) service
offers two B channels and one D channel
(2B+D). BRI B-channel service operates at 64
kbps and is meant to carry user data; BRI D-
channel service operates at 16 kbps and is
meant to carry control and signaling
information, although it can support user data
transmission under certain circumstances.

68
 ISDN PRI Service
ISDN Primary Rate Interface (PRI) service
offers 23 B channels and 1 D channel in
North America and Japan, yielding a total bit
rate of 1.544 Mbps (the PRI D channel runs
at 64 kbps). ISDN PRI in Europe, Australia,
and other parts of the world provides 30 B
channels plus one 64-kbps D channel and a
total interface rate of 2.048 Mbps.

69
ISDN BRI Service
The ISDN Basic Rate Interface (BRI) service offers two B
channels and one D channel (2B+D). BRI B-channel service
operates at 64 kbps and is meant to carry user data; BRI D-
channel service operates at 16 kbps and is meant to carry control
and signaling information, although it can support user data
transmission under certain circumstances. The D channel
signaling protocol comprises Layers 1 through 3 of the OSI
reference model. BRI also provides for framing control and other
overhead, bringing its total bit rate to 192 kbps.

ISDN PRI Service

ISDN Primary Rate Interface (PRI) service offers 23 B channels
and 1 D channel in North America and Japan, yielding a total bit
rate of 1.544 Mbps (the PRI D channel runs at 64 kbps). ISDN
PRI in Europe, Australia, and other parts of the world provides 30
B channels plus one 64-kbps D channel and a total interface rate
of 2.048 Mbps.
70