Professional Documents
Culture Documents
and
Process Capability
• Distinguish between
- common cause variation
Center Line
(within control limits)
- assignable cause variation
Lower Control Limit (LCL)
(outside control limits)
• Normally distributed
Control Charts: The X-bar Chart
• Define control limits
U
C
L
=
+
XA
×
R
2=
3
.
8
1+
0
.
5
8*
5
.
85
=
7
.
19
L
C
L
=
-
A
X×
=
R
23
.
8
1
-0
.
5
8
*5
.
8
5
=0
.
4
1
12
• Constants are taken from a table
10
8
• Identify assignable causes:
- point over UCL
6
- point below LCL
4 - many (6) points on one side of center
2
• In this case:
0 - problems in period 13
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27
- new operator was assigned
3
2 0.67 0.0455 45,500
3 1.00 0.0027 2,700
Process B 4 1.33 0.0001 63
(with st. dev B)
X
6 2.00 2x10-9 0,00
X-6B X+6B
0.180
0.160
0.140
0.120
0.100
0.080
0.060
0.040
0.020
0.000
13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Statistical Process Control
Capability Conformance
Analysis Analysis
Capability analysis
• What is the currently "inherent" capability of my process when it is "in control"?
Conformance analysis
• SPC charts identify when control has likely been lost and assignable cause
variation has occurred
Good
Performance
Metric
Bad
Minimum Target Maximum Target
acceptable value acceptable value
value value
Only looking at good vs bad wastes opportunities for learning; especially as failures
become rare (closer to six sigma) you need to learn from the “near misses”
F1 F2
Design B
“We didn’t have enough checks”, Ralph Snyderman, Duke University Hospital
Not the first death in organ transplantation because of blood type mismatch
As a result of this tragic event, it is clear to us at Duke that we need to have more robust
processes internally and a better understanding of the responsibilities of all partners
involved in the organ procurement process," said William Fulkerson, M.D., CEO of Duke
University Hospital.
Why Having a Process is so Important:
Two Examples of Rare-Event Failures
Case 1: Process does not matter in most cases
• Airport security
• Safety elements (e.g. seat-belts)
99%
Good
99% 99%
1%
Bad
1% 1%
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