|
 



 î L M
Flux density
B [T]
N
` A

î


 
   
x


     
 

  

J

nduction motor cannot start
by itself. This problem is
solved by introducing three
phase system 
  

nstead of using one coil only , three coils are used arranged in one
axis with orientation of 120o each other. The coils are R-R1 , Y-Y1
and B-B1. The phases are measured in this sequence R-Y-B. .e Y
lags R by 120o , B lags Y by 120o.
 F  

e L

a 
F  
e L2 Load
a 
F  
e L3
a


The three winding can be represented by the above circuit. n this

case we have six wires. The emf are represented by eR , eY, eB.
E m sin !÷
E m sin(!÷-120 ‰)
‰
E m sin(!÷-240 )
 The circuit can be simplified as follows, where R1 can be
connected to Y and Y1 can be connected to B. n this case
the circuit is reduced to 4 wires.
2


RB1 R Î Y Î B

‰ ‰ 2
 

m [sin ÷ sin( ÷ å 120 ) sin( ÷ å 240 )] 
 
 

a [sin !t Î sin !t ü cos 120 ‰ cos !t ü sin 120 ‰ 2


sin t ü cos 240 ‰å cos t ü sin 240 ‰] 

a [sin !t 05 sin !t 0.866 cos !t 0.5 sin !t Î 0.866 m
!t ]

0
Since the total emf is zero, R and B1 can be connected together, thus
we arrive with delta connection system.
 
2

2

L



onduo
L e







2

ÚSince the total emf is zero, R and B1 can be ?
 
connected together as in Fig.A , thus we arrive
with delta connection system as in Fig. C. ? 
ÚThe direction of the emf can be referred to the

emf waveform as in Fig. B where PL is +ve (R1- 
R), PM is ±ve (Y-Y1) and PN is ±ve (B-B1). 
?
ÚR1, Y1 and B1 are connected together. 
ÚAs the e.m.f generated are assumed in —
positive direction , therefore the current

directions are also considered as flowing

in the positive direction. —
ÚThe current in the common wire (MN)
is equal to the sum of the generated   —Ñ —
—
3
currents. i.e —R+—Y+—B . 
—
ÚThis arrangement is called four ±wire
star-connected system. The point N  
refers to star point or neutral point.
eneao Load
The instantaneous current in loads L1 , L2 and L3 are


—
i
 a sin !t 

L neonduo

i  a sin(!tè120 )
‰ 
  
—
‰ 
i 
 sin( tè240 )
 —

i i
Î i Î i


L3 L2 L
 a [sin t Î sin( t å 120‰) —Ñ —
—

Î sin( t å 240‰)] 0
 |


  

For balanced loads, the fourth wire carries no current , so it can
be dispensed
!!

 2!

L

  "#
 
  L

L

  #
!!

geneao a b  baaned
o  oad
nstantaneous currents¶ waveform for —R, —Y and —B in
a balanced three-phase system.
  



 
Ú*RY, *YB and *BR are called line voltage Ñ
$Ñ
R
Ú*R, *Y and *B are called phase voltage $Ñ
$ Ñ


From Kirchoff voltage law we have $ $ Y
$







Î (
) B

Î (

) *B -*Y
*RY
*BR
Ñ
 å Ñ

(å Ñ )
-*R *R
n phasor diagram
-*B
*Y

*YB
For balanced load *R , *Y and
*B are equaled but out of phase

*R = *Po30 ; *RY = *Lo30 ; *B -*Y

*RY
*BR
*Y = *Po-90 ; *YB = *Lo-90 ;
-*R *R
*B = *Po150 ; *BR = *Lo150 ;
-*B
therefore *Y

Ñ
2 Ñ cos 30

3 Õ
*YB

Ñ
2  cos 30

3 Õ


2 cos 30

3 Õ
then

3 Õ

and


Õ
 Ñ

ÚÑ, 
and  are called line current 1
Ú1, 2 and 3 are called phase current


3 
From Kirchoff current law we have $
$%
 Ñ
1 å  3
1
( å  3 )
2 


2 1  2 Î ( 1 ) R
1
 B
3 å  2
 3
(å  2 )
-2 -3
B
n phasor diagram
3 2

-1
Y
Since the loads are balanced, the magnitude of currents are
equaled but 120o out of phase. i.e 1 =2=3 ,=P Therefore:-

R = Lo30 ; 1 = *Po30 ;
Y = Lo-90 ; 2 = *Po-90 ;
B = Lo150 ; 3 = *Po150 ;
Where P is a phase current and L is a line current
R
‰

2 1 cos 30 ( 3) Õ 1
‰

2  2 cos 30
( 3 )  Õ -2 -3


2  3 cos 30 ‰

3  Õ
B

3 2
Thus R=Y=B = L
-1
Y
ùence


3  Õ Õ
 î

n a three-phase four-wire system the line voltage is 400*

and non-inductive loads of 5 kW, 8 kW and 10 kW are
connected between the three conductors and the neutral.
Calculate: (a) the current in each phase
(b) the current in the neutral conductor.
 400
*oltage to neutral Õ


230
3 3

ÕÑ 10 4
Current in 10kW resistor Ñ


43.5 
Õ 230

Õ 8
103
Current in 8kW resistor  34.8 

Õ 230

Õ
5
103
Current in 5kW resistor 
21. 

Õ 230
 R
N* N

Bù Yù

B* Y* Nù

B Y

Resolve the current components into horizontal and vertical

components.
  cos 30‰ 
cos 30 0866
34.8 21.  11.3 


 Ñ å  cos 60‰å   cos 60
43.5 å 0.5(34.8
21.)
13.0 

2 2





1132
13.0 2
1.2 
 A delta ±connected load is arranged as in Figure below.
The supply voltage is 400* at 50ùz. Calculate:
(a)The phase currents;
(b)The line currents.
Ñ

1
'†
& &


 '3 2
2'2† 2
& 3
 2'!†

[(

400
1 4

1 100

1 is in phase with *RY since there is only resistor in the branch

n branch between YB , there are two components , R2 and X2
 400
2


6.32 
2 2
20
60 R

$Ñ


2
Ñ 2 Î 2
2
20 2 Î 60 2
1
-3
 2   60 
î
tan å1
 tan å1  
1‰34' ) 

 Ñ2   20 

n the branch RB , only capacitor in 

$
Ñ
) *
it , so the XC is -90 out of phase. 
$

)
3
Ñ 400
3 1 /( 2
50
30
10 6 ) 90 ‰ 2


3. A 90
[(  R
1 å  3


2 12 Î 2 1  3 cos Î  32 î=30o

1

2
4.02 Î 2
4.0 
3. cos 30 2
Î
3.  56.3


.5 


î = 1o 34¶ -60o= 11o 34¶ 

) *
Y  2 å 1 î

2 -1
2  22 Î 2 1  2 cos Î 12

2 2
 2

6.32 
2
4.0 
6.32 cos 11 34'

4.0 
105.5
 10.3 
Y
î = 180-30o-11o 34¶ = 138o 34¶

B 3 å 2


2  32 Î 2  3  2 cos Î  22
-2
 2
6.322 Î 2
3. 
6.32cos138 26'Î
3. 2 18.5

 4.3  2
î



) *

) * )
3

2
 Õ

 

Active power per phase = Õ Õ x power factor

Total active power= 3 ÕÕ x power factor

Õ
3 Õ  Õ cos J
f L and *L are rms values for line current and line voltage
respectively. Then for delta ([) connection: *P = *L and P
= L/ 3. therefore:
Õ 3
 cos

For star connection (a) : *P = *L/ 3 and P = L. therefore:

Õ 3
 cos
A three-phase motor operating off a 400* system is developing
20kW at an efficiency of 0.8 p.u and a power factor of 0.82.
Calculate:
(a)The line current;
(b)The phase current if the windings are delta-connected.
(a) Since —— 
÷÷  u
— u ÷÷

—÷  u
— u ÷÷

÷÷  u
— u ÷÷



3 ë . 
20 ë1000
0.8
And line current =L=40.0A
3 ë  ë 400 ë 0.82
(b) For a delta-connected winding
`— 

÷ 40.0
Õ



÷ 23.1
3 3
Three identical coils, each having a resistance of 20† and
an inductance of 0.5 ù connected in (a) star and (b) delta
to a three phase supply of 400 *; 50 ùz. Calculate the
current and the total power absorbed by both method of
connections.
First of all calculating the impedance of the coils
R P
20† X P
2 ë 50 ë 0.5
15 †

1 XP 

ÑÕ

Õ
ÑÕ

Õ oJ
2 2
where tan  
 RP
Õ

2 2  15 
1 ‰
20 Î 15  tan   15883
 20 

cos J cos 83‰ 0.1264

 Star-connection

2†
&
& 400 / 3

+


+ +
& 2† 2†

Since it is a balanced load

400  231
 231   1.46A
3  158
Power absorbed
Õ 3
 cos J 3
400
1.46
0.1264 128W
Star connection

&
+
2† 2†

+
& & 2† +

 400
  400   4.38A
Z 158

Õ
3  cos J 3
400
4.38
0.1264 383W

A balanced three phase load connected in star, each phase consists
of resistance of 100 † paralleled with a capacitance of 31.8
F.
The load is connected to a three phase supply of 415 *; 50 ùz.
Calculate: (a) the line current;
(b) the power absorbed;
(c) total k*A;
(d) power factor .
 


*L 415
*P


240*
3 3
 Admittance of the load
1 1 1
YP

where XP

R P XP j!

1 1


j!

j2
50
31.8
10 6

(0.01
j0.01)S
RP 100
Line current
 Õ
Õ Õ 240(0.01 Î  0.01) 2.4 Î  2.4 3.3945‰
*olt-ampere per phase
A   
240 ë 3.39o 45 ‰
814 .4o 45 ‰

Active power per phase ÕÕ
814.4 cos 45‰
56

Total active power A 3
56 1.28 kW

[(

Ñeactive power per phase Ñ j814.4 sin 45 ‰ j56

Total reactive power Ñ j3
56 j1.28 kW

[( Total volt-ampere
3 ë 814 .4
2.44 k*A

[(
Power Factor = cos = cos 45 = 0.0 (leading)
A three phase star-connected system having a phase voltage of
230* and loads consist of non reactive resistance of 4 †, 5 †
and 6† respectively.
Calculate:(a) the current in each phase conductor
(b) the current in neutral conductor
and (c) total power absorbed.

230
 4† 5.5A
4
230
 5† 46A
5
230
 6† 38.3A
6
 38.3 A

5.5 A

[( 46 A

X-component = 46 cos 30 + 38.3 cos 30 - 5.5 = 15.5 A

Y-component = 46 sin 30 - 38.3 sin 30 = 3.9 A

Therefore  N
15.5 2
3.9 2
16A

[(  230
5.5 Î 46 Î 38.3 32.61kW