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lecture!
Key Concepts
Elements, Atoms, Isotopes etc.
Solutions, Concentrations, pH
• Some Terminology:
– Atomic Number
– Atomic mass
– Ion
– Isotope
Isotopes = Atoms of an element that
have different numbers of neutrons.
Same Atomic Number, variable
Atomic Mass
Heavy water = ?
Some isotopes are unstable:
Radioisotopes
3 types of radiation:
1. radiation – protons and neutrons
1. (If protons are emitted, the element changes!)
2. radiation - electrons
More stable
atom of same
element
Nuclear Medicine: use of radioisotopes in
diagnosis & treatment of disease.
127
I is “normal”
iodine
131
I has 4 extra
neutrons
and radiation
Medical
Imaging ?
Treatment?
Importance of Electrons in
Physiology
• Ion formation = gain or
loss of electrons
cations anions
Chemical Bonds
• Covalent
– Polar
– Non-polar
Covalent Bonds
• Strong bonds that occur when two atoms
share electrons in order to become more
stable
Covalent Bonds
• Non-polar Covalent Bonds
– If the electrons are shared equally between
atoms
• Polar Covalent Bonds
– If electrons spend more time around one atom
than the other
– Molecules develop regions of partial positive
and negative charges
Covalent Bonds
Covalent bond: Water
The electrons are shared equally
Non-polar covalent
molecules
A. Atomic weight
B. Atomic number
C. Atomic mass
D. Nuclear number
The number of protons in a
nucleus of an atom constitutes the
A. Atomic weight
B. Atomic number
C. Atomic mass
D. Nuclear number
The bond between an oxygen and
a hydrogen in a water molecule is
a(n)
A. Elements
B. Ions
C. Buffering compounds
D. Isotopes
E. None of these
The atomic mass of an atom
indicates the average total number
of
A. Protons
B. Neutrons
C. Electrons
D. Protons, neutrons and electrons
E. Protons and electrons
The atomic mass of an atom
indicates the average total number
of
A. Protons
B. Neutrons
C. Electrons
D. Protons, neutrons and electrons
E. Protons and electrons
Elements that have full outer
shells of electrons
A. Will form many compounds
B. Will normally form anions
C. Will normally form cations
D. Frequently form hydrogen bonds
E. Are inert, and don’t bond readily with
other atoms
Elements that have full outer
shells of electrons
A. Will form many compounds
B. Will normally form anions
C. Will normally form cations
D. Frequently form hydrogen bonds
E. Are inert, and don’t bond readily
with other atoms
When a molecule is referred to as
polar, it means that
A. The positive and negative charges of the
molecule are unevenly distributed
B. The molecule is ionized and now carries a
charge
C. The molecule is likely to dissolve in water
D. A and C are true
E. B and C are true
When a molecule is referred to as
polar, it means that
• Bases
– Are proton acceptors
• Bind with hydrogen ions
• Hydroxyl ion = OH-
• Bicarbonate ion = HCO3-
Buffers
• Buffers resist abrupt and large swings in
the pH of body fluids.
• To resist large changes in pH, the body
releases hydrogen ions when the pH rises
and binds hydrogen ions with bicarbonate
ions when the pH drops.
• Blood pH = 7.35 – 7.45
Buffers
= partial molecules.
Frequently occur in
biological molecules.
Moved around as a
single units.
Cholesterol decreases
cell membrane
permeability to small
water-soluble
molecules.
Function?
Steroids
Organic Compounds
• Steroids
– Parent compound is cholesterol.
– Used for the production of steroid hormones.
– Can dissolve in fatty substances.
– Dissolves through cell membrane and nuclear
membrane and attaches directly to DNA
• Starts Transcription of proteins
– Such as enzymes
– Cholesterol can be produced through de-novo
synthesis
Organic Compounds
• Proteins
– composes 10 – 30% of cell mass and is the
basic structural material of the body.
– Some are structural.
• Bones, hair, connective tissue
– Some are functional.
• Antibodies, enzymes, protein hormones
Names of the 2
functional groups ?
Proteins
• Made up of amino acids
– Amino = - NH2
Learn
these
Amino Acids
Organic Compounds
• Amino acids.
– The Building Blocks of Protein
– Composed of
• an amine groups
• a carboxyl group
• a “R” or Functional group.
– 20 different types of amino acids
• 9 Essential
– Must acquire these through the foods we eat
• 11 Non-essential
– Can be produced through de-novo synthesis
Peptide Bond
Peptide Bonds
• Two united amino acids form a peptide bond or
dipeptide.
• 50 or more amino acids are called a protein or
polypeptide.
• Most proteins contain from 1500 to 50,000 amino
acids in the human body.
Protein Structure
Structural Levels of Proteins
• Primary Structure
– Polypeptide chain
• Secondary Structure
– Alpha Helix
– Beta pleated sheet
• Tertiary Structure
– Alpha helix folds on itself.
• Quaternary Structure
– Hemoglobin molecule
Proteins
• Hydrogen bonds are created within the
Functional Group of the primary
polypeptide chain
• Hydrogen bonds form and break quickly
and can thereby change the protein shape
and its function
Protein Structure
• Fibrous Proteins
– Secondary structure
– Strand-like proteins
– Structural proteins
• Collagen
Globular
protein
Fig 4-3
Enzyme = Biol. Catalyst
Some important characteristics of an enzyme:
5. is specific
Some more characteristics of
enzymes:
• Kinase
• Phosphatase
• Peptidase
• Dehydrogenase
Active Site:
Also
1. Pepsinogen Pepsin
2. Trypsinogen Trypsin
2) Cofactors & Coenzymes
Structure:
Inorganic molecules Structure:
Cu, Fe, Mg Organic molecules (vitamin
derivatives, FADH2 ....)
Function:
conformational change of
active site Function:
act as receptors & carriers
Competitive inhibitors:
bind to active site
Fig 4-13
block active site
Special case:
= end product inhibition
Which of the following statements
about proteins is false?
A. All proteins are enzymes
B. A given protein may contain over twenty
different amino acids
C. The tertiary structure of a protein results
from interactions between its amino acids
D. Proteins are gigantic polypeptides
E. All of the above statements are true.
Which of the following statements
about proteins is false?
A. All proteins are enzymes
B. A given protein may contain over twenty
different amino acids
C. The tertiary structure of a protein results
from interactions between its amino acids
D. Proteins are gigantic polypeptides
E. All of the above statements are true.
A polypeptide consists of 100
amino acids. How many
peptide bonds does it contain?
A. 50
B. 100
C. 99
D. 101
E. Impossible to say without knowing
the exact amino acid composition
A polypeptide consists of 100
amino acids. How many
peptide bonds does it contain?
A. 50
B. 100
C. 99
D. 101
E. Impossible to say without knowing
the exact amino acid composition
Each of the following is a
function of proteins except
one. Identify the exception.
A. Support and structure
B. Transport
C. Carrying of messages
D. Body defense
E. Storage of genetic information
Each of the following is a
function of proteins except
one. Identify the exception.
A. Support and structure
B. Transport
C. Carrying of messages
D. Body defense
E. Storage of genetic information
A fatty acid that contains three
double bonds in its carbon
chain is said to be
A. Saturated
B. Monounsaturated
C. Polyunsaturated
D. Hydrogenated
E. Carboxylated
A fatty acid that contains three
double bonds in its carbon
chain is said to be
A. Saturated
B. Monounsaturated
C. Polyunsaturated
D. Hydrogenated
E. Carboxylated
Magnesium atoms have two electrons
in the outermost shell and chlorine
atoms have seven. The compound
magnesium chloride would contain