Loading Summary for a Slab on Girder

Bridge According to the CAN/CSA-S6

Presented By: Andrew Chad

2006

April 5, 2006 CHBDC-S6 Bridge Loading 1

 Outline

Introduction
Refresher: Limit States
Load Combinations
Introduce Example Bridge
Simplified Method of Analysis
Typ. Formatted Spreadsheet Layout
Load Descriptions and Design
Values
Conclusion

Basically: A comprehensive load

summary, takedown and analysis
procedure for a new highway bridge
according to CAN/CSA-S6

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 Limit States

S6 Limit States Criteria:

 Ultimate Limit States (ULS)
 Fatigue Limit States (FLS)
 Serviceability Limit States (SLS)

The chief advantages of LS Design

Method are:
 The recognition of the different
variabilities of the various loads, for the
Working Stress Method (AASHTO)
encompassed both in the same factor
of safety;
 The recognition of a range of limit
states
 The promise of uniformity by the use of
statistical methods to relate all to the
probability of failure.

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 Limit States

Disadvantages:
 Necessity to choose an acceptable
risk of failure; for example, to
quantify the acceptability of some
risk that involves only structural
collapse, with a risk that leads to
loss of life.
 The probability of failure must be
applied to the number of events
that may occur during the life of the
structure. There is an essential
difficulty in predicting an event that
may not occur until 75-100 years
from the point of design.

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 Bridge Load Types

Dead Loads (D)

Earth & Hydrostatic Pressure (E)
Secondary Prestress (P)
Live Loads (L)
Strains, Deformations and
Displacement Associated Loads (K)
Wind Load on Structure (W)
Wind on Traffic (V)
Load due to Differential Settlement
(S)
Earthquake Loads (EQ)
Stream and Ice Pressure, Debris
Torrents (F)
Ice Accretion Load (A)
Collision Load (H)

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 Load Types: Superstructure Only

Dead Loads (D)

Live Loads (L)
Wind Load on Structure (W)
Wind on Traffic (V)
Earthquake Loads (EQ)

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 Load Combinations

Load Factors based on a service

life of 75 yrs
Based on minimum reliability
index of 3.75

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 Load Combinations

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 Design Example

A “Simple” Bridge:
 2 span, 4 lane bridge
 225mm R/C Slab, on 5 continuous
steel girders
 Span length 20m x 2
A-A
 Typical highway overpass structure
 Superstructure only!

3.5m
A-A
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 Formatted Spreadsheet

April 5, 2006 CHBDC-S6 Bridge Loading 10

 Simplified Method of Analysis

Simplified Method of Analysis:

 The bridge width is constant
 The support conditions are closely
equivalent to line support, both at the
ends of the bridge and, in the case of
multispan bridges, at intermediate
supports
 For slab and slab on girder bridges with
skew, the provisions of A5.1(b)(i) are met
 For bridges that are curved in plan, the
radius of curvature, span, and width
satisfy the relative requirements of
A5.1(b)(ii)
 A solid or voided slab is of substantial
uniform depth across a transverse
section, or tapered in the vicinity of a free
edge provided that the length of the taper
in the transverse direction does not
exceed 2.5m

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 Simplified Method of Analysis

Simplified Method of Analysis:

 For slab-on-girder bridges, there shall be
at least three longitudinal girders that are
of equal flexural rigidity and equally
spaced, or with variations from the mean
of not more than 10% in each case
 For a bridge having longitudinal girders
CON’T and an overhanging deck slab, the
overhang does not exceed 60% of the
mean spacing betweeen the longitudinal
girders or the spacing of the two
outermost adjacent webs for box girders,
and, also, is not more than 1.8m
 For a continuous span bridge, the
provisions of A5.1(a) shall apply
 In the case of multispine bridges, each
spin has only two webs. Also, the
conditions of Cl. 10.12.5.1 shall apply for
steel and steel-composite multispine
bridges.

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 Dead Load

If bridge satisfies Cl.5.6.1.1 use  Take 3 interior girders & associated T.W., 9” R/C
Concrete Typ.
“Simplified Method of Analysis”  Take 2 exterior girders & associated T.W., 9” R/C
Concrete Typ.
The Beam Analogy Method:  Takes less Dead load, more live load due to deck support
 “it is permitted to the whole of the bridge conditions
superstructure, or of part of the bridge  α Varies with different materials
 1.5 for wearing surfaces
superstructure contained between two  1.1 for steel girders
parallel vertical planes running in the
longitudinal direction, as a beam”

225mm

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 Formatted Spreadsheet

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 Live Load

Originally used Live Loads specified in

AASHTO, changed in 1979 to maximum
legal limits observed loads in all
provinces.
Ontario uses maximum observed loads
(MOL) vs. Canadian Legal Limits in other
provinces
Load based on CL-W Loading
 CL-W Truck as specified in Cl. 3.8.3.1
 Not less than CL-625 (kN) for national
highway network.
 Weight to 625kN in 2000, LL factor
increased to 1.7 max
 CL-W Lane Load as specified in CL.
3.8.3.2
 9kN/m based on work done by Taylor at
Second Narrows Bridge
 80% Truck load included in analysis
Dynamic Load Allowance Factors to
account for more concentrated loading
 Vary with amount of truck being used, size
of bridge feature

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 Live Load

Load Cases:
 3 Load Cases ULS

 Worst case of truck load, lane

load including DLA
 Pedestrian loads, maintenance +
sidewalk loads omitted
 2 Load Cases SLS
 1 Load Case FLS
 2 lines of wheel loads in 1 lane
Multi-lane loading modification factor
 When >1 lane is loaded, reduce

loads per Table 3.8.4.2

 1 lane = 1.0

 2 lane = 0.9

 3 lane = 0.8

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 Live Load: Analysis

Longitudinal Moment
 Mg = Fm * Mgavg
 Where:
 Fm =Amplification Factor to account
for tranverse variation in max
moment intensity
 Mgavg = Average moment per girder
by sharing equally the total moment,
including multiple lane load factor
Longitudinal Moment FLS:
 Loaded with 1 truck at center of 1
lane
 Mg = Fm * Mgavg
 Where:
 Fm =Amplification Factor to account
for tranverse variation in max
moment intensity
 Mgavg = Average moment per girder
by sharing equally the total moment
Shear is Found in Similar Manner

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 Formatted Spreadsheet

April 5, 2006 CHBDC-S6 Bridge Loading 18

 Formatted Spreadsheet

April 5, 2006 CHBDC-S6 Bridge Loading 19

 Formatted Spreadsheet

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 Cl.-3.10 Wind Loads

“Superstructure shall be designed for

wind induced vertical and horizontal drag
loads acting simultaneously”

Fh=qCeCgCh
Fv=qCeCgCv
Where:
 q = reference wind pressure
 1/50 for L<125m
 Ce = Exposure Factor
 (.1H)2
 Cg = Gust Effect Coefficient
 2.0 for L < 125m, 2.5 for more slender
bridges/structures
 Ch,Cv = Horizontal, Vertical drag
coefficients
Bridge type not typically sensitive to wind
 Not: Flexible, Slender, Lightweight, Long
Span, or of Unusual Geometry.

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 Cl.-3.10 Wind Loads

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 Exceptional Loads

Low Frequency/Probability of
Occurrence
 Earthquake
 Collision
 Stream and Ice Pressure/Debris
 Ice Accretion

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 Earthquake Loads

CAN/CSA-S6 Section 4
 Prescribes Analysis based on:  For a “Lifeline”, Slab on Girder, L<125m,
 Bridge Geometry located in Seismic Zone 4:
 Minimum Analysis = Multi Mode
 Type
Spectral (MM) Analysis
 Location
 No analysis necessary for SOG
 Importance single span bridges
 Regular vs. Irregular  Not performed due to scope
 Same principles as a multi-degree of
freedom structure would apply
 Structure analyzed in 2 principal
directions
 Find principal modes, modal mass,
modal participation, combine to 90%
mass participation (SRSS, CQC)
 Vertical motions taken by including dead
load factor in ULS

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 Collision Loads

Superstructures to be design for

“Vessel Collision”
Substructure to be designed for
vehicle collision load, Vessel
Collision
Not to be included in
spreadsheet, see S6-3.14

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 Conclusions

C.H.B.D.C. based on O.H.B.D.C.

which was revolutionary in its use of
LSD and design vehicle based on
legal limits
C.H.B.D.C. complicated but well
written code
 Many loads were omitted for this
“simple” bridge, only a basic
design/analysis was performed
 Easy to get confused, make “small”
mistakes
 Simplified methods of design are a
good start, although still somewhat
tricky.

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 Conclusions

QUESTIONS?

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