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  • Faces of Indian Women

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    This document discusses the status of women in India across several domains: 1. Education - There are significant gender gaps in literacy and enrollment rates between states, rural/urban areas, and higher education. Barriers include poverty, social values, lack of facilities and female teachers. 2. Employment - Most women work informally. They make up 23% of the formal workforce but the number of female workers is growing faster. Agriculture, household work and services are major categories. Cultural restrictions and workplace discrimination present barriers. 3. Empowerment - Education and economic independence can affect decision making but culture still plays a large role. Property rights, economic roles, and political representation are areas of empowerment.

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    This document discusses the status of women in India across several domains: 1. Education - There are significant gender gaps in literacy and enrollment rates between states, rural/urban areas, and higher education. Barriers include poverty, social values, lack of facilities and female teachers. 2. Employment - Most women work informally. They make up 23% of the formal workforce but the number of female workers is growing faster. Agriculture, household work and services are major categories. Cultural restrictions and workplace discrimination present barriers. 3. Empowerment - Education and economic independence can affect decision making but culture still plays a large role. Property rights, economic roles, and political representation are areas of empowerment.

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    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    25 views24 pages

    Faces of Indian Women

    Uploaded by

    kavyapb
    This document discusses the status of women in India across several domains: 1. Education - There are significant gender gaps in literacy and enrollment rates between states, rural/urban areas, and higher education. Barriers include poverty, social values, lack of facilities and female teachers. 2. Employment - Most women work informally. They make up 23% of the formal workforce but the number of female workers is growing faster. Agriculture, household work and services are major categories. Cultural restrictions and workplace discrimination present barriers. 3. Empowerment - Education and economic independence can affect decision making but culture still plays a large role. Property rights, economic roles, and political representation are areas of empowerment.

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    of 24

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    ˜ The Goddess (J
    (J )
    )
    ˜ The mother
    ˜ The sister
    ˜ The wife
    ˜ The O  

      
      
    
    ducation
    ˜ ¦iteracy
    ˜ Gender gaps:
    ˜ Differences across states
    (Kerala has highest female £   
    literacy; Rajasthan, Bihar and
    Uttar Pradesh have the 

    lowest)
    ˜ Differences between rural and
    urban areas
     

    ˜ Parental preference for boys


    going to school
     
    

    ˜ Higher dropout rate among


    girls

      
      
    
    ducation
    ˜ Gender gaps in higher education
    ˜ About 1 percent of total women population has college
    education
    ˜ Women account for a third of the students at
    college/university level
    ˜ In engineering and business, the proportion of female
    students is much smaller
    ˜ In education, nearly half of the students are women

      
      
    
    Barriers to Female ducation
    ˜ Poverty: one-
    one-fourth of India·s population lives
    below the poverty line (2002)
    ˜ Social values and parental preferences

    ˜ Inadequate school facilities

    ˜ Shortage of female teachers: 29 percent at the


    primary level and 22 percent at the university level
    (1993)
    ˜ Gender bias in curriculum

      
      
    
    mployment
    ˜ Difficult to get an overall picture of employment among
    women in India
    ˜ Most women work in the informal sector
    ˜ Women accounted for only 23 percent of the total workers in
    the formal sector in 1991
    ˜ The number of female workers has increased faster than the
    number of male workers
    ˜ Female unemployment rates are similar to male
    unemployment rates

      
      
    
    Vategories of employment (1991)
    £   
    Agricultural laborer 
    

    Vultivator 
    

    Household industry 
    

    Non--household industry
    Non 
    

    Services 
    

    Other categories 
    


      
      
    
    Barriers to Female mployment

    ˜ Vultural Restrictions
    ˜ Hierarchical society (caste system)
    ˜ |   system: the veiling and seclusion of women

    ˜ Discrimination at Workplace
    ˜ More prevalent in fields where male competition is high
    ˜ ¦ess prevalent in fields where competition is low

    ˜ ¦ack of employment opportunities



      
      
    
    mpowerment
    ˜ Social mpowerment
    ˜ ducation
    ˜ There is no direct relationship between education and
    work force participation; but may affect their participation
    in household decision making
    ˜ conomic Independence:
    ˜ conomic independence does not imply significant
    improvement in social standing
    ˜ Vulture and tradition play an important role
    ˜ A small fraction has opened up towards Western values

      
      
    
    ˜ conomic mpowerment

    ˜ Property Rights
    ˜ Patriarchal society

    ˜ conomic Decision Making


    ˜ In the household
    ˜ In businesses

      
      
    
    ˜ Political mpowerment

    ˜ Representation in democratic institutions


    ˜ Government reservations policy for women: the
    constitutional amendment of 1990s
      

    Recognize Famous Faces


    £ £
    ˜ Indira Gandhi
    ˜ Mother Teresa
    ˜ Mira Nair
    ˜ Kalpana Vhawla
    ˜ Gurinder Vhadha
    ˜ Arundhati Roy
    ˜ Jhumpa ¦ahiri
    ˜ Aishwarya Rai
    ˜ Sushmita Sen
     
    
    Faces of an Indian woman
    ˜ Wife
    ˜ Mother

    ˜ Sister

    ˜ Bread earner

    ˜ Vompassionate member of the society


    j    O    
       O    
     O  OO      

    Sushmita Sen,
    Sen, Miss Universe 1994
    ë OO O O  ë
    ë

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