Computer Networks

Overview of data communications

and networking

Presented by:
Mayank Anand
Nilotpala Singh
 Introduction to Networking
• A computer network, often simply referred to
as a network, is a collection of computers and
devices interconnected by communications
channels that facilitate communications
among users and allows users to share
resources.
 Hardware Involved
• Network interface card
 Hardware Involved
• Network interface card
• Repeater
 Hardware Involved
• Network interface card
• Repeater
• Bridge
 Hardware Involved
• Network interface card
• Repeater
• Bridge
• Switch
 Hardware Involved
• Network interface card
• Repeater
• Bridge
• Switch
• Modem
 Hardware Involved
• Network interface card
• Repeater
• Bridge
• Switch
• Modem
• Router
 Hardware Involved
• Network interface card
• Repeater
• Bridge
• Switch
• Modem
• Router
• Firewall
 TRANSMISSION MEDIA

Insulating outer conductor

Inner Metal sheath
conductor

Coaxial
cable

Outer cladding
Inner cladding (PVC)
Inner fibre (glass)
Fibre
(glass)
optic
cable

Twisted-pair
cable
 THE NETWORK ARCHITECTURE

THE OSI REFERENCE MODEL

File Transfer, Email, Remote Login 

ASCII Text, Sound (syntax layer) 

Establish/manage connection 

End-to-end control & error checking

(ensure complete data transfer): TCP 
Routing and Logical Addressing: IP 

Two party communicationion: Ethernet 

How to transmit signal; coding
Hardware means of sending and 
receiving data on a carrier
Modes of Communication

Simplex
communications

Half-duplex (HDX)
or
communications

Full-duplex (FDX)
communications
 Network Classification
• Connection Method
– Wired technologies
– Wireless technologies
• Radio Wave, Microwave frequency
• Scale
– LAN
– WAN
– MAN
 Network Classification
• Network Topology
– BUS
– STAR
– RING
– MESH
POINT TO POINT CONNECTION

Hardware required:
• Two computers with
network interface
card (Ethernet card or
LAN CABLE
Wi-Fi adapter).
• LAN cable in case of
wired connection.
• Assigning IP Address
for the network and
workstations.
 The Internet and Addressing

IP address-
IP V4- 32 bit
IP V6- 128 bit

MAC (media access control) Address- 48 bit

 IP ADDRESS
• Class A- 1st bit 0
Network ID 1st valid IP Last valid IP Broadcast IP
1.0.0.0 1.0.0.1 1.255.255.254 1.255.255.255

• Class B- first two bits are 1 and 0

Network ID 1st valid IP Last valid IP Broadcast IP
128.0.0.0 128.0.0.1 128.0.0.254 128.0.0.255

• Class C- first three bits are 1,1, and 0

Network ID 1st valid IP Last valid IP Broadcast IP
192.0.0.0 192.0.0.1 192.0.0.254 192.0.0.255
 Addressing Solutions
• Two protocols have been developed to solve
these problems

– DHCP – automatic network configuration

(including IP address)

– DNS – translates textual based names into IP

addresses and vice versa
DHCP – Dynamic Host Configuration
Protocol
 DHCP
• Allows client machines to receive an IP
address, DNS information, etc automatically

• Before DHCP came into use, users had to type

in all this information by hand, which is bad:
– Easy to mistype something when entering by hand
– Manually changing network configuration every
time you move your laptop is a pain
DHCP: Big Picture
 Firewall
• A set of related programs that protects the
resources of a private network from users
from other networks.
• Filters data inflow to the network or machine
• Options available
– Commercial Firewall Devices (Watchguard, Cisco
PIX)
– Software Packages (ZoneAlarm, Black Ice)
THE TCP/IP ARCHITECTURE
 ASSOCIATED TCP/IP PROTOCOLS & SERVICES

This protocol, the core of the World Wide Web,

HTTP
●

facilitates retrieval and transfer of hypertext (mixed

media) documents. Stands for the Hypertext Transfer
protocol

A remote terminal emulation protocol

Telnet
●

that enables clients to log on to remote

hosts on the network.

Used to remotely manage network

SNMP
●

devices. Stands for the Simple Network

Management Protocol.
 References
• Wikipedia
• Nettech
 Yo u
an k
Th

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