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 THE GRAND DUCHY
· established by Napoleon (1807-1815)
· from Prussian to French rule
- the 3 partitions of Poland (1793-5)

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· a united Poland, Polish nationalism

· Congress of Vienna: the 4th partition (1815)

- 2/3 Russian rule

· Polish liberation (1820¶s + )

 THE KINGDOM OF SAXONY
·The Kingdom of Saxony was a state in Germany from 1806 to
1918
·Holy Roman Empire dissolved ·Electorate of Saxony became an
independent kingdom with support of France
·Elector Frederick Augustus III ·King Frederick Augustus I
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·the opposition of Austria, France, and the United Kingdom
resulted in Frederick Augustus being restored to his throne at the
Congress of Vienna, but Saxony was forced to give up the
northern part of the kingdom to Prussia. This land became the
Prussian province of Saxony.
 THE POLISH-SAXON CRISIS
 Tsar Alexander I demanded the Prussian parts of Poland. In return,
he was prepared to support the Prussian annexation of the Kingdom
of Saxony.
 Plans opposed by Austria, Britain and France;it would upset the
balance of power in favor of Russia and Prussia
 Britain, Austria and France signed a secret treaty on January 3,
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Russia and Prussia¶s plan
 peaceful settlement reached on October 24, 1814
 Prussia received 40% of Saxony --remainder returned to King
Frederick Augustus I as the Kingdom of Saxony
 Kingdom of Saxony joined the German Confederation
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 EMDEN, OSNABRUCK, MINDEN, BRUNSWICK
- Discovered in 800s, center of Calvinism
· Emden: Prussia (1744) · French (7 year¶s war) · Anglo-Germans (1758) · supported
British war in Westphalia · Kingdom of Holland (1806-1810) · Prussia (1815)

· Osnabruck: Prussia (1795) · French (1803) · Electorate of Hanover (1803) · Prussia

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MM (1806) · Kingdom of Westphalia (1807 -1810) · French Empire · Kingdom of Hanover
(1815) · Prussia (1866)

· Minden: Prussia (1648 ± 1947)

· Brunswick: Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg (RE) · French (Napoleonic wars) · Duchy
of Brunswick (1815)
 OTHER AREAS IN NORTH WEST GERMANY
 decided during Congress that Prussia would be the defender of
Germany¶s western boundary, for fear of aggression from France
 The Rhineland and Westphalia became Prussian provinces
 king agreed to relinquish the majority of his Polish property to
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 Austria shifted eastward in the direction of Eastern Europe and
Italy
 The possessions in southern and western Germany were
surrendered along with the Austrian Netherlands in return for
Venetian territory on the Adriatic.
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 GENOA
· historically wealthy from Mediterranean trade
- power declined when trade shifted to the New
World and wars with Venice

· Passed hands between French, Milanese, Spanish

(14th ± 16th centuries): declared a republic (1522)

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MMM - From Spanish to Austrian rule (1740¶s)

· Ligurian Republic (Napoleon) (1797)

- absorbed into French Empire (1805)

· annexed to Kingdom of Sardinia (1815)

· Italian nationalism
 MAINLAND VENICE AND
THE STATES OF MILAN
· After the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon
Bonaparte, the state¶s administration was divided into
districts.
· After Napoleon¶s defeat, the Congress of Vienna gave the
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MMM States of Milan back to the Austro-Hungarian Empire under
the new Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia, where the city of
Milan became one of the two capitals, along with Venice
· The Congress of Vienna determined that Venice would be
given back to Austria.
 IONIAN ISLANDS
· Corfu, Cephalonia, Zante, Santa Maura, Ithaca,
Cythera (Cerigo) and Paxo
- no geographical unity, differing histories

· Republic of Venice (14th - 15th centuries ) · France

(1797, Treaty of Campo Formio) · Russia (1799) ·
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MMM France (1807) · Britain (1807+)
· Napoleon the liberator
- feudalism, Libro D¶oro
- development during French, British rule

· Supported Greek Revolution (1821)

- Kingdom of Greece (1864)
 



 
 DALMATIAN PROVINCE OF VENICE
·Napoleon annexed the Venetian Dalmatia from Istria to Kotor in
1805 and created the Kingdom of Italy
·Dalmatian Province of Venice was removed from the Kingdom
of Italy in 1809 by Napoleon
·Dalmatians were opposed to the French rule under Napoleon
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·The Habsburgs formed a temporary Kingdom of Illyria and
restored control over Dalmatia in 1814.
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 2 SICILIES
- Southern Italy and island of Sicily (more commonly referred
to as the Kingdom of Naples)

· Romans, Byzantines, Lombards, Saracens, Normans (<11th century) ·

French & Spanish (1300s) · Austria (1713) · Spanish Bourbons (1730)

· Agricultural trade
- Naples = 3rd largest city in Europe

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MMM · Napoleon conquered continental kingdom (1805)

- Congress: Ferdinand IV King of Naples restored (Austrian
influence)

· 1829 revolt = limited royal powers, reduced centralization

and the influence of the capital (Holy Alliance revolted)
· Italian Unification (1848, 1859)
 PARMA, MODENA, LUCCA & TUSCANY
 Austria is given Parma, Modena, Lucca and Tuscany
 they are ruled by an Austrian Habsburg
 it was agreed that the Queen of Etruria should be given the
Duchy of Lucca and that Parma should go to Marie Louise
 However, her son (the King of Rome) should be excluded
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MMM from succession.
 Metternich was pleased by these arrangements because
they ensured the predominance of Austrian influence in the
Italian peninsula.
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 GERMAN CONFEDERATION
· simplified to 39 states, 35 monarchies, 4 kingdoms
- replaced Holy Roman Empire (abolished)

· loose political association, no central executive/

judiciary
- main purpose: defence, independence
- maintain power balance
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· Reichstag became Frankfurt Diet
- ineffective, dominated by Austrians

· Liberal revolutions for German Unification (1848)

- 1871 : Unified Germany as German Empire