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Sedimentary
Formed under water bodies
Sedimentary Rocks
80 % of Earth’s surface is
covered with sediments and
Sedimentary Rocks
What is sediment????
Broken pieces of rocks called
CLASTS
COAL
Crystalline
Formed by evaporation and
precipitation of minerals.
Also called evaporites
Ex: rocksalt, gypsum
ROCK SALT Intergrown
crystals of just
1 mineral
DOLOSTONE
ROCK GYPSUM
Sediments
are
pebbles,
cobbles,
and
boulders
rounded
Breccia
angular
Silt (0.006 to 0.0004 cms.
SILTSTONE
MAGMA
CONTACT
METAMORPHISM
Contact Metamorphic
Metamorphism
means "changed
form".
The Changes occur
because of:
Heat from magma
intruding on the
surrounding rock
Very little pressure
Near magma chambers (plutons)
INTERGROWN OR INTERCONNECTED
SILICATE CRYSTALS IN A RANDOM
PATTERN – NOT ORGANIZED
IGNEOUS ROCKS ARE
CLASSIFIED BASED ON 2
MAIN CHARACTERISTICS
MINERAL COMPOSITION
Classification of Igneous Rocks
by Texture
WHAT IS TEXTURE?
deep in ground
ESRT – TOP OF THE IGNEOUS
ROCK SCHEME TELLS THE
TEXTURE / GRAIN SIZE
Classification of Igneous Rocks
– Texture or Grain Size
Extrusive Extrusive Intrusive Intrusive
PUMICE, SCORIA,
Quartz
Potassium feldspar
Plagioclase feldspar
Biotite mica
Amphibole (hornblende)
Pyroxene
Olivine
GRANITE – coarse-grained
(continental crust)
RHYOLITE – fine-grained
OBSIDIAN - glassy and
PUMICE - porous (vesicular).
PEGMATITE - very coarse-grained
IGNEOUS ROCK COMPOSITION
GABBRO – coarse-grained
BASALT – fine-grained
(ocean crust)
INTERMEDIATE ROCKS
MIXED FELSIC/MAFIC
MIXED CRUST
DIORITE – coarse-grained
IGNEOUS ROCK COMPOSITION
Dunite
EXTRUSIVE INTRUSIVE
Andesite
MINERAL COMPOSITION THE SAME ---- TEXTURE ONLY DIFFERENCE
Diorite
Intrusive vs. Extrusive
INTRUSIVE EXTRUSIVE
Gabbro Basalt
MINERAL COMPOSITION THE SAME – TEXTURE ONLY DIFFERENCE
Intrusive vs. Extrusive
Rock Formation
Almost all rocks are made of
minerals
The environment that a rock forms I
will determine three characteristics:
1. Composition: the type of minerals the
rock is made of
2. Structure: whether the rock has layers
and what the layers look like
3. Texture: how large the crystals of
minerals are and their shape
Rock Cycle
Any one rock type can be changed
into any other
There is no perfected direction of
movement.