V, C AND R

Oleh:
Anis Nurlaili W, ST, MT

TEKNIK AUDIO VIDEO

Voltage is the potential energy of an electrical supply
stored in the form of an electrical charge, and the
greater the voltage the greater is its ability to produce an
electrical current flowing through a given circuit
Electrical Current is the movement of electrical charge
and is measured in Amperes, symbol I, for Intensity).
The Resistance of a circuit is its ability to resist or
prevent the flow of current (electron flow) through it
making it necessary to apply a bigger voltage to the
circuit to cause the current to flow again.
Relationship between Voltage and Current in a circuit of constant resistance .
Summary
Unit of
Quantity Symbol Abbreviation
Measure

Unit of
Quantity Symbol Abbreviation
Measure
Voltage Voltage V or EV or E Volt Volt V V
Current I Amp A
Resistance R Ohms Ω

Current I Amp A

Resistance R Ohms Ω
Ohms Law
 The relationship between Voltage, Current and Resistance in any
DC electrical circuit was firstly discovered by the German
physicist Georg Ohm, (1787 - 1854). Georg Ohm found that, at
a constant temperature, the electrical current flowing through a
fixed linear resistance is directly proportional to the voltage
applied across it, and also inversely proportional to the
resistance. This relationship between the Voltage, Current and
Resistance forms the bases of Ohms Law and is shown below.
Ohms Law Relationship
Ohms Law Triangle

   
The Power Triangle


 
Ohms Law Pie Chart
a list of some of the prefixes used in electrical formulas and component values

Prefix Symbol Multiplier Power of Ten

Voltage V 1 100
Current I 1 100
Resistance Ω 1 100
Capacitance F 1 100
Inductance H 1 100
Frequency Hz 1 100
Power W 1 100
Impedance Z 1 100
Giga G 1,000,000,000 109
Mega M 1,000,000 106
Kilo k 1,000 103
Milli m 1/1,000 10-3
Micro µ 1/1,000,000 10-6
Nano n 1/1,000,000,000 10-9
Pico p 1/1,000,000,000,000 10-12
Kirchoff's First Law - The Current Law, (KCL)
Kirchoff's Second Law - The Voltage Law, (KVL)
Circuit Analysis, Mesh Analysis Circuit

the Second Voltage Law simply

becomes:
Equation No 1 :    10 =  50I1 + 40I2
Equation No 2 :    20 =  40I1 + 60I2
Mesh Current Analysis

   
basic procedure for solving Mesh Current Anaysis
equations is as follows:

1. Label all the internal loops with circulating currents. (I1, I2, ...IL etc)

2. Write the [ L x 1 ] column matrix [ V ] giving the sum of all voltage
sources in each loop.
 
3. Write the [ L x L ] matrix, [ R ] for all the resistances in the circuit
as follows;
  R11 = the total resistance in the first loop.
  Rnn = the total resistance in the Nth loop.
  RJK = the resistance which directly joins loop J to Loop K.
4. Write the matrix or vector equation [V]  =  [R] x [I] where [I] is the
list of currents to be found.
Nodal Voltage Analysis

In the above circuit, node D is chosen as the reference node and the other three nodes are assumed to have
voltages, Va, Vb and  Vc with respect to node D. For example;


As Va = 10v and Vc = 20v , Vb can be easily found by:
Nodal Analysis Summary.
The basic procedure for solving Nodal Analysis equations is as follows:

1. Write down the current vectors, assuming currents into a node are
positive. ie, a (N x 1) matrices
  for "N" independent nodes.

2. Write the admittance matrix [Y] of the network where:

  Y11 = the total admittance of the first node.
  Y22 = the total admittance of the second node.
  RJK = the total admittance joining node J to node K.
3. For a network with "N" independent nodes, [Y] will be an (N x N) matrix
and that Ynn will be
  positive and Yjk will be negative or zero value.

4. The voltage vector will be (N x L) and will list the "N" voltages to be found
Thevenins Theorem

Thevenins Theorem states that "Any linear circuit

containing several voltages and resistances can be
replaced by just a Single Voltage in series with a Single
Resistor".
Page Summary.
The basic procedure for solving Thevenins Analysis equations is as follows:

1. Remove the load resistor RL or component

concerned.
2. Find RS by shorting all voltage sources or by open
circuiting all the current sources.
3. Find VS by the usual circuit analysis methods.
4. Find the current flowing through the load resistor
RL.
Nortons equivalent circuit.

Nortons Theorem states that "Any linear circuit

containing several energy sources and resistances can
be replaced by a single Constant Current generator in
parallel with a Single Resistor".
Nortons Analysis Summary.
The basic procedure for solving Nortons Analysis equations is as follows:

1. Remove the load resistor RL or component

concerned.
2. Find RS by shorting all voltage sources or by open
circuiting all the current sources.
3. Find IS by placing a shorting link on the output
terminals A and B.
4. Find the current flowing through the load resistor
RL.