Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Dr. B. Sengupta
Former Member Secretary
Central Pollution Control Board
Ministry of Environment & Forests
Govt. of India, Delhi
Email: bsg161@gmail.com,
February 2010
Contents
Air Quality Concerns
Current Status of AQM
Air Quality trends
Thrust Areas
Way Forward
Air Quality
Concerns
METROS CITIES/URBAN AREAS
53 non-attainment cities
Dominant Sources: Vehicular Emissions, Small/Medium Scale Industries,
Gensets, Biomass burning, etc.
Pollutants: NOx, SPM/RSPM & CO
RURAL AREAS
Indoor air pollution: Use of Biomass, Coal, kerosene, etc.
Outdoor air pollution: Unpaved roads, Biomass burning, Gen-sets etc.
Pollutants: SPM/RSPM, CO, etc.
3
Current Status of
AQM
Institutional Mechanism
Assessment of Air Quality
Monitoring
Emission Inventory
Source Apportionment
Air Pollution Exposure & Health Impacts
Control Strategies
City Specific AQM Action Plans
Institutional Mechanism
Central Level
Ministry of Environment & Forests
Central Pollution Control Board
Environment Pollution Control Authority
Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas
Ministry of Road Transport & Highways
Other Central Ministries/Agencies
R&D Centers & other Institutions
State Level
Department of Environment
Pollution Control Board/Committees
Local Bodies/Authorities
Emission Inventory
TPP TPP
58% 82%
CEMEN
OTHERS
SUGAR T OTHERS
0%
PAPER 1%INDUSTRIES
40% (T/DAY) CEMEN
SPM LOAD FROM 1% SUGAR
SPM LOAD FROM INDUSTRIES (T/DAY)
T
1% [Without Control Device]
10%
[With Control Device]
7%
TPP
89%
SO2 LOAD
FROM
INDUSTRIES
(T/DAY)
STEEL
5% SULPHURIC OIL
ACID REFINERIE
Emission Inventory (Contd..)
Air pollution from vehicles in Delhi
MAJOR POLLUTANTS
Nitrogen, Heavy metals: Pb, Fe, Cd, Zn, Ni
78%
Gases: CO, NOx, SO2 VOC: Benzene, Toluene
PAH: Benzo-a-pyrene, Benz anthracene
Particulate matter: 0.01-100µ m
Health effects of pollutants
Induction or revival of diseases Health effects are the
Respiratory illness / disorder
Genotoxicity leading to cancer impact of a complex
Systemic & Immune alterations mixture rather than a
Cardiovascular problems particular pollutant
Brain damage
Retardation of fetal growth
What are the health
impacts of changes in air
quality ?
Air Quality Data Required for
Epidemiological Studies
CPCB is monitoring ambient air quality under National
Air Quality Monitoring Programme (NAMP)
Monitoring is carried out at 341 monitoring stations in
126 cities/towns in 25 states and 4 UTs
Data is available online in Environmental Data on a daily
basis
Data of 3 continuous stations and 1 mobile van in Delhi
is available on a real time basis on CPCB website (After
a time lag of 15 minutes).
Data available in 1-hourly, 8-hourly, 24-hourly average
and annual average basis.
Parameters include SO2, NO, NO2, NOx, PM2.5, PM10, BTX,
CO, Ozone
Many SPCBs are carrying out continuous monitoring
and data is available on their website.
Epidemiological Studies Initiated
by CPCB in India
Epidemiological Study to find the Effect of Air Pollutants
especially Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter (RSPM) and
other carcinogens on Human Health in Delhi – CNCI, Kolkata
Study on Ambient Air Quality, Respiratory Symptoms and Lung
Function of Children in Delhi – CNCI, Kolkata
Health Effect of Chronic Exposure to Smoke from Biomass Fuel
burning in Rural Households: A Study in Northern and Eastern
India - CNCI, Kolkata
Effects of Environmental Pollution on the Status of Human
Health of Delhi Residents – AIIMS, New Delhi
Human Risk Assessment Studies in Asbestos Industries in India
- ITRC, Lucknow
Epidemiological Study on Effect
of Air Pollution on Human Health
in Delhi (Adults)
STUDY PROTOCOL
Study Population:
6005 adults residing in Delhi for past 10 years or
more
1046 subjects from rural areas of West Bengal
as control
1438 individuals have been clinically examined in
Health Camps.
Age - 21 - 66 years
Questionnaire survey
Information obtained regarding
Age, sex, smoking habit, occupation, socio-
economic status etc.
Upper respiratory symptoms (URS)
Lower respiratory symptoms (LRS)
Asthma, headache, eye irritation, respiratory
allergy
Neurobehavioral symptoms
Clinical examination Contd..
Study Protocol
LUNG FUNCTION TEST BY
SPIROMETRY
Statistical Analysis:
Epi Info6, SYSTAT 9.0 Software
system (SPSS INC. Chicago, USA)
FINDINGS
(These findings are under review by AIIMS)
STUDY PROTOCOL
Study Population:
11,628 school children of Delhi
Control: 4536 children from Uttaranchal& rural West Bengal
Clinical examination
Air quality data - obtained from CPCB and Laser operated Dust Trak
Monitor
Contd..
STUDY PROTOCOL
Pulmonary function test - Assessed by spirometry using
portable spirometer (Spirovit SP1, Schiller, Switzerland)
Parameters assessed:FVC, FEV1, PEFR, FEF25-75%.
Lung function impairment categorized as restrictive,
obstructive and combined defects & degree of
impairment was ascertained
Laboratory investigation :
Sputum: AM responses, sputum cytology &
infiltrating leukocytes (NSE, PPB, PAP)
Blood: TC, DC, and cell morphology
Statistical
Analysis : Data were analyzed in the Dept. of Medical Statistics using the
software EPI6 & SYSTAT 9.0 (SPSS INC Chicago, USA)
Statistical tests like bivariate correlation, logistic regression,
multiple regression were used as per requirements taking into
account various confounding variables
FINDINGS
(These findings are under review by AIIMS)
Contd..
Pollutant Time Concentration in Method of Measurement
Weighted Ambient Air
Average
Lead (Pb) Annual 1.0 0.75 0.50 AAS Method after sampling
Average* µg/m3 µg/m3 µg/m3 using EPM 2000 or
equivalent filter paper
24 Hours 1.5 1.0 0.75
Average** µg/m3 µg/m3 µg/m3
Carbon 8 Hours 5.0 2.0 1.0 Non dispersive Infrared
Monoxide Average** mg/m3 mg/m3 mg/m3 Spectroscopy
(CO)
1 Hour 10.0mg/ 4.0 2.0
Average m3 mg/m3 mg/m3
Ammonia Annual 0.1 mg/m3
(NH3) Average*
24 Hour 0.4 mg/m3
Average**
* Annual Arithmetic mean of minimum 104 measurements in a year twice a week 24 hourly at uniform interval.
** 24 hourly/8 hourly values should be met 98% of the time in a year. However, 2% of the time, it may exceed but not on
two consecutive days.
NOTE
1. National Ambient Air Quality Standard : The levels of air quality necessary with an adequate margin of safety, to protect
the public health, vegetation and property.
2. Whenever and wherever two consecutive values exceed the limit specified above for the respective category, it would
be considered adequate reason to institute regular/continuous monitoring and further investigations.
3. The State Government / State Board shall notify the sensitive and other areas in the respective states within a period
of six months from the date of notification of National Ambient Air Quality Standards
NEW AMBIENT AIR
QUALITY STANDARDS 2009
S.No. Pollutant Time Concentration in Ambient Methods of Remarks
Weighted Air Measurement
Average
Industrial, Ecologically
Residential, Sensitive
Rural and Area (notified
Other Area by Central
Government)
Contd..
3. Particulate Matter Annual* 60 60 a) Gravimetric •Most of the NAMP
(size less than 10 24 hours** 100 100 b) TOEM Stations have
µm) or PM10 µg/m3 c) Beta attenuation Gravimetric
measurement facility
including CPCB
•CAQMS is having BAM
•TEOM has to be
introduced gradually
5. Ozone (O3) µg/m3 8 hours* 100 100 a) UV photometric •CAQMS equipped with
1 hour** 180 180 b) Chemiluminiscence UV based or
c) Chemical Method Chemiluminescence
Online Analysers and
may be used for 1 hrly
data
•Chemical method may
be adopted nationwide
but monitoring hours is
not specified, however
09 hrs to 17 hrs may be
introduced
Contd..
6. Lead (Pb) µg/m3 Annual* 0.5 0.5 a) AAS/ICP method • It appears that Pb is
24 hours** 1.0 1.0 after to be monitored in
sampling on PM10 , this standard
EPM 2000 or already exists but
equivalent filter monitored in SPM
paper
only at few
b) ED-XRF using
locations.
Teflon filter
• Once the sampling
is done in Teflon
the same may also
be analyzed by
other method ED-
XRF
11. Arsenic (As), Annual* 06 06 AAS/ICP method after• It appears that ‘As’
ng/m3 sampling on is to be monitored
EPM 2000 or in PM10 .
equivalent filter• Micro-wave digester
paper is required for
digestion
alternatively acid
digestion at 700 C
for 12 hours is
required.
12. Nickel (Ni), ng/m3 Annual* 20 20 AAS/ICP method after• It appears that ‘Ni’
sampling on is to be monitored
EPM 2000 or in PM10 .
equivalent filter• Micro-wave digester
paper is required for
digestion
alternatively acid
digestion at 700 C
for 12 hours is
• Annual arithmetic mean of minimum 104 measurements in
a year at a particular size taken twice a week 24 hourly at
uniform intervals.
• Remarks:
– Monitoring has to be done for all parameters for 104 days,
accordingly infra-structure & staff, method standardization, and
training for field staff would be necessary. Field parameters: Sulphur
Dioxide, Nitrogen Dioxide, PM10, Ozone, Ammonia. Field staff are
required to be trained specially handling of handling EPM2000 filters
and PM2.5 Teflon filters to be used for PM10 and PM2.5 samples as
half portion of the all (EPM2000) sampled filters has to analyzed for
metals and remaining half for B(a)P
– Automatic analyzer for monitoring of CO and Benzene at all stations
to get 104 data need to be installed.
– Laboratory need to be equipped with conditioning room for
monitoring and measurement of PM2.5,
– Existing metal digestion methodology (acid digestion of whole 8” x
10” filter at 95ºC for 2 hours) may not be suitable as all the three
metals [ Pb, Ni and As] are to be extracted from half portion of filter
and ‘As’ may be lost if not digested at 65-70ºC. It is also needs to be
ensured that GT-AAS or ICP analyses is done for all these metals
because of expected low concentration.
• ** 24 hourly or 08 hourly or 01 hourly monitored values,
as applicable, shall be complied with 98% of the time in a
year. 2% of the time, they may exceed the limits but not
on two consecutive days of monitoring.
• Remarks
• Only possible, if the monitoring is done using automatic
analyzers.
• Note – Whenever and wherever monitoring results on
two consecutive days of monitoring exceed the limits
specified above for the respective category, it shall be
considered adequate reason to institute regular or
continuous monitoring and further investigation
Requirement of Air Quality
Monitoring in India
1. Trend Analysis Monitoring
Pollutants to be monitored - PM 10, PM
5%
June
1994
April 1996
0.15 g/l
(4 metro) 3% in Metro cities
April
1995 April 2000
1 % in NCT &
Mumbai
Unleaded Jan
1997
4 metros
Nov. 2000 3 % in all India
Low leaded &
Entire Country Jan 1% in Major Metros
1999
April. 2005
India
Vehicle Emission
Norm Schedule In Euro-III (Country)
Euro-IV (11 cities)
India 2010 April
Euro-II (Country) April6
Euro-III (11 cities)
Sulphur 0.50 %
2005 4 metros & Taj
Euro-I equivalent (Country)
August 1997
Euro-II eqv. For cars (4 metros)
Sulphur 0.25%
2000/01 Delhi & Taj
2nd set norms April 1998
notified
Sulphur 0.25%
1996 Metro cities
April-2000
Emission norms for
catalytic vehicles
Sulphur 0.25%
1995 April 2000-04 Entire Country
1 set norms
st
EMISSION
REDUCTIO
NS ROAD
MAP FOR
NEW (HDV)
Control Strategies Adopted
(contd..)
STONE CRUSHER
Norm
Vehicular Pollution
Control
Ro
Approved Fuel for
U.T. of Delhi
• Coal with low sulphur (S - 0.4%)
• Fuel oil / LDO/ LSHS / with low sulphur (S – 1.8%)
• Motor gasoline (as per specifications given in the notification dated 2-4-96 of the Ministry of Environment
and Forests, annexed hereto)
• Diesel (as per specifications given in the notification dated 2-4-96 of the Ministry of Environment and
Forests, annexed hereto)
• Liquid petroleum Gas (LPG)
• Compressed Natural Gas(CNG)
• Kerosene
• Naphtha (for power station)
• Aviation turbine fuel (for aircraft)
• Fire wood (only for domestic use in rural areas and crematorium)
• Bio - Gas
Activities
Agencies Involved
Central Pollution Control Board
Ministry of Environment & Forests
Environmental Pollution Control Authority
Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas
Ministry of Road Transport & Highways
Ministry of Industries
IMPACT OF INTERVENTIONS ON AIR
QUALITY OF DELHI (1996 Vs. 2003)
CONTINUOUS AIR
QUALITY MONITORING
STATION IN INDIA
PM 10 & 2.5
CONTINUOUS
MONITOR AT
BHADUR SHAH
ZAFAR MARG
(ITO), NEW DELHI
Inside View of the CPCB
Continuous Monitoring Station at
Sirifort, New Delhi
Parameter
Monitored:
Sulphur Dioxide,
Carbon Monoxide,
Oxides of Nitrogen,
Ozone, THC, BTX
and Meteorological
parameters, Wind
Speed, Wind
Direction,
Temperature &
Relative Humidity
CPCB CONTINUOUS MONITORING
STATION AT DELHI COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING, BAWANA, DELHI
SIDE VIEW CPCB CONTINUOUS
MONITORING STATION AT DELHI
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, BAWANA,
DELHI
Inside View of the CPCB
Continuous Monitoring Station at
DCE, Delhi
Parameter
Monitored:
Sulphur Dioxide,
Carbon Monoxide,
Oxides of Nitrogen,
Ozone, PM 10 and
Meteorological
parameters, Wind
Speed, Wind
Direction,
Temperature and
Relative Humidity
CPCB Mobile Monitoring Van
Schematic Description of Air
Quality Monitoring System
METEOROLOGIC AL
Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)
DATA
• TEMPERAURE
• HUMIDITY
• WIND SPEED
Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)
• WIND DIRECTION
Intercom 6
ZERO GAS
Measuring Signal
Calibration
CALIBRATION
Ozone (O3)
Station Computer
CALIBRATIO
GAS
N
MODEM
Air Quality Monitoring in Delhi
Analysis Facility in Monitoring Station
SPM/RSPM Monitoring in
Delhi
Real Time Continuous Ambient Air Quality
Data of Delhi on CPCB website
STRATEGIES FOR
IMPROVNG
AIR QUALITY IN
INDAIN CITIES
Thrust Areas for Air Pollution Control
Contd..
Undertaking of monitoring of Fine Particulate
Matter PM2.5 from urban areas.
Extending network of National Air Quality
Monitoring Programme (NAMP) to Class-I cities,
metro cities and State Capitals.
Email : bsg1951@yahoo.com
91-9810043771