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` PETROLEUM AND ITS PRODUCTS:

` Petroleum is the life line of modern
civilization.
` Petroleum is also called Black Gold.

` The name Petroleum is derived from

petra meaning rocks and oleum
 à

 

u It is a fossil fuel formed in
nature by the decomposition
of animal and plant matter
which were buried under the
earth millions of years ago.
 

u The major producers of
petroleum in the world are
Russia, USA, Egypt, and
Persian Gulf countries such as
Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iran,
Iraq, etc.
 
` Places where oil is produced from the
wells in India.
` Ankleshwar and Kalol in Gujarat.

` Rudrasagar and Lakwa in Assam

` Bombay High (Offshore area)

` Deltas of Cauvery, Krishna and

Godavari rivers.
 
` Petroleum is obtained by drilling
holes (oil wells) into the earth¶s crust
where the presence of oil has been
predicted by survey.
` When a well is grilled through the
rocks natural gas comes out first
with a great pressure and after some
time the oil comes out by itself due
to pressure.
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` Once the pressure is subsidized, the
crude oil is pumped out of the oil
well.
` The process of separating petroleum
into more useful fractions by
fractional distillation is known as
refining.
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à à| à
 

V
 



M. Gas Gaseous fuel, production of carbon black

2. Petroleum ether Solvent, dry cleaning

3. Gasoline Motor Fuel.

4. Kerosene Fuel, Illuminant.

5. Gas oil and diesel oil Furnace fuel, fuel for diesel engines

6. Lubricating oils, grease, vaseline Lubrication

7. Paraffin wax Candles, water proofing fabrics

8. Pitch and tar Artificial asphalt

9. Petroleum coke Fuel, electrodes

 6"
Oil Refineries in
India are at:-
at:-
` Mumbai. ` Haldia
` Chennai. ` Kochi
` Mathura. ` Koyali and
` Barauni. ` Visakhapatnam
` Digboi
` Guwahati
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` The chemicals which are prepared
from the fractions of petroleum are
called petrochemicals.
` Few important petrochemicals are:-
are:-
` Methyl Alcohol, Ethyl Alcohol,
Ethylene, Benzene, Toluene,
Acetone, D.D.T. and B.H.C.

 
` Petroleum products are used as
fuels.
` Lubricating oils, grease and vaseline
are used as lubricants.
` Paraffin wax, a product of petroleum,
is used for manufacturing candles,
polishes, waxed paper, water
proofing, etc.
   
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` Coal is a complex mixture of carbon,
hydrogen and oxygen compounds.
` Some nitrogen, sulphur and
phosphorus compounds are also
present.
` It is found in coal mines deep under
the surface of earth.
 -!"!"#
` Coal was formed by the decomposition of
plants and trees buried under the surface
of the earth long long ago.
` Due to high temperature and high
pressure & in the absence of air, wood
was converted into coal.
` The chemical process of the conversion of
wood into coal is called ³Carbonisation´.
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Sl. Type of Coal Carbon content
No (%)
M Peat 60
2 Lignite (soft coal) 70
3 Bituminous 80
(household coal)
4 Anthracite (hard coal) 90
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` Coal Gas.
` Ammoniacal Liquor (solution of
ammonia)
` Coaltar. This, on further distillation
gives benzene, toluene, xylene,
phenol, naphthalene and anthracene.
` Coke. The solid residue left behind
after the dry distillation of coal is
known as Coke.
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ü Used as domestic and industrial fuel.
ü Used in the manufacture of fuel gases like
coal gas and water gas.
ü Used in the manufacture of synthetic
petrol.
ü Used to make coke which acts as a
reducing agent in metallurgy.
ü Used as a source of organic compounds
like benzene, toluene, phenol, aniline and
anthracene.
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` The material or the substance which
is burnt to produce heat energy is
known as ³Fuel´.
` Wood, coal, domestic gas (LPG),
kerosene, diesel and petrol fuels are
used as fuels.
` During the process of burning the
fuel, a lot of heat and light is
produced.

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` Based on the physical status,
fuels are of three types.
` SOLID FUELS
` LIQUID FUELS

` GASEOUS FUELS
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u Wood, Charcoal, coal, coke,
paraffin and tallow are some of
the commonly used solid fuels.
u Solid fuels require much space
for storage and leave smoke and
ash on burning.
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` Most of the liquid fuels are obtained
from petroleum.
` Petrol, kerosene, diesel, fuel oil,
benzene, alcohol are some of the
most commonly used liquid fuels.
` They require less storage space than
solid fuels and leave no solid residue
when burnt.
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` Gaseous fuels are mainly used in
domestic as well as industrial
purposes. Some important fuels are:
` Natural Gas (CHA
(CHA)
` Producer Gas (NX (NX

` 
  X


` 
  A
X


`   

 

 """
` Should have a high calorific value.
` Should not produce any harmful products
on burning.
` Should cause minimum pollution of air.
` Should be cheap and readily available.
` Should be easy to store, transport and
handle.
` Should have a low kindling temperature.
  

u Combustion is the process of burning of a
substance generally in the presence of
oxygen with the evolution of heat and
light.
u For example charcoal burns in air to give
carbon dioxide and heat.
u OX  X

C + OX
u V          
  !  
u  A
"X  X
" X

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&"
` Substances such as paper, kerosene,
petrol, straw, wood, etc., which
burns easily are known as
³Combustible Substances´.
` Substances that do not burns easily
are called ³non-
³non- combustible
Substances´. Eg. Iron, glass,
diamond, etc.
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&
The following three conditions are
necessary for combustion:-
combustion:-
` presence of a combustible substance.

` Presence of a supporter of
combustion.
` Attainment of ignition or kindling
temperature.


   
 

 

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` Rapid Combustion.
` Spontaneous combustion.

` Explosion.
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` If a combustion reaction takes place
with a high speed, it is known as
³Rapid Combustion´.
` The oxidation reaction in which a
large amount of heat and light are
produced in a short time is called
³Rapid Combustion´.
  "&
` A combustion in which no external
heat is given is known as
spontaneous combustion.
` Burning of white phosphorus in air is
the best example of this type of
combustion.

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` When a large amount of gases are
evolved with the production of a
tremendous amount of heat, light
and sound are called ³Explosion´.
` Example, when a pressure is applied
on the crackers by contact with a
burning splinter.