Anatomy of the eye

Аnatomy of the globe

 The layers of the
globe :
 fibrous capsule,
 uvea,
 retina
 The chambers:
 anterior chamber,
 posterior chamber ,
 vitreous chamber .

 Lens.
 Vitreous,
 Aqueous humor.
CORNEA
 Functions:
 refraction
 eye protection

 The cornea diameter:

 newborns - 9 мм
 adults - 11,5- 12 мм
CORNEA
 STRUCTURE:
 the epithelium
 the Bowman’s layer
 stroma
 the Descemet’s membrane
 the posterior epithelium
The tear film:
 the glycoprotein of goblet
cells (the inner layer)
 the fluid of lacrimal glands
(the middle layer)
 the oily product of
meibomian glands (the
outer layer)
 CORNEA

 The factors of transparency:

 the regularity of anterior epithelium surface and
overlying tear film
 avascular nature of the cornea
 the regular organization of stromal collagen
 the nerves are nonmyelinated
 the posterior epithelium is responsible for the
dehydration of corneal stroma
SCLERA
 Structure:
 the episclera (superficial
layer) – vascular connective
tissue
 the scleral stroma – bundles
of tipical collagen fibers
 the lamina fusca - thin
collagen fibers and
melanocytes
 Emissaria – the channels,
which contain arteries, veins,
nerves
 Corneoscleral limbus
(junction) – the region where
the cornea merges (connects)
with the sclera
Filtration structures of the angle
 the trabecular
meshwork (uveal,
corneoscleral,
juxtacanalicular
tissue)
 the canal of
Schlemm
 the intrascleral and
episcleral plexuses
IRIS
 The function
diaphragm of the eye
 Structure:
 stroma (anterior border layer,
deeper stroma proper)
 two layers of the pigmented
epithelium

 The muscles:
 the sphincter pupillae is located in
the pupillary zone
 the dilator pupillae is located in
iris root
CILIARY BODY
 A ring of tissue
about 6 mm wide
 The functions:
 the accommodation
 aqueous humor
production
 Two parts:
 the pars plicata
 the pars plana
CILIARY BODY

 Structure:
 stroma (the blood
vessel layer)
 the ciliary muscle
 the pigmented
epithelium
 the nonpigmented
epithelium
CHOROID
 The function is to provide a
blood supple to the retinal
pigment epithelium and outer
layers of the sensory retina
 Structure:
 the suprachoroid
 the large vessel layer
 the middle vessel layer
 the choriocapillaris
 the lamina basalis choroideae
(Bruch membrane)
RETINA
 The retina extends
peripherally from the optic
nerve head to its scalloped
margin (the ora serrata).
The neurons:
 the photoreceptors (rods,
cones)
 the bipolar cells
 the ganglion cells
The horizontal
interconnections are provided
by:
 the amacrine cells
 the horizontal cells
RETINA
 The macula is a central
thinnest region of the
retina (diameter 5,5
mm). Macula is
subdivided into four
zones: foveola, fovea,
parafovea, perifovea.
 The optic disk is 1,5 mm
in diameter.
OPTIC NERVE

 The regions:
 intraocular (0,7мм)
 intraorbital
(33мм)
 intracanalicular
( 4 –10мм)
 intracranial
(10 мм)
CONJUNCTIVA
The conjunctiva is a
mucous membrane
 The portions:
 the palpebral conjunctiva
 the fornix conjunctiva
 the bulbar conjunctiva
 Structure:
 the epithelium ( is nonkeratinized)
 the substancia propria (is
composed of connective tissue)
The glands:
the goblet cells
the accessory lacrimal glands of
Krause
LENS
 The lens is a
transparent,
biconvex structure.
It is approximately
10 mm in diameter
and 4 mm thick.

 The functions:
 refraction
 accommodation
 VITREOUS

volume – 4 ml
BLOOD (VASCULAR) SUPPLY
 The branches of
ophthalmic artery:
 central retinal artery
 lateral posterior ciliary
arteries ( 2 )
 medial posterior ciliary
arteries (6- 8)
 anterior ciliary arteries (7)

 the anterior and posterior

ethmoidal arteries
 the dorsonasal artery
 the lacrimal artery
 the supratrochlear and
supraorbital arteries
BLOOD (VASCULAR) SUPPLY
VENOUS DRAINAGE (OUTFLOW)

 The veins of the

globe:
 the central
retinal vein
 the anterior
ciliary veins
 the vortex veins
VENOUS DRAINAGE (OUTFLOW)

 The veins of the

globe
 The superior and
inferior ophthalmic
veins (leave the
orbit through the
superior and
inferior orbital
fissures)
 The cavernous
sinus of dura mater
 NERVE SUPPLY
 ЧУВСТВИТЕЛЬНАЯ  The motor nerves:
 the oculomotor nerve
Глазной нерв (первая
superior division
ветвь тройничного
inferior division
нерва).
(this branch supplies
a parasympathetic
branch to the ciliary
ganglion)
 trochlear nerve
 abducent nerve
 facial nerve
 Sympathetic nervous
system for dilator
pupillar, Muller's
muscle, lacrimal gland