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Automotive Fuel and Emissions Control Systems, 2/e © 2009 Pearson Higher Education, Inc.
By James D. Halderman and Jim Linder Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
AIR INTAKE FILTRATION
• Gasoline must be mixed
with air to form a
combustible mixture.
• Air movement into an
engine occurs due to low
pressure (vacuum) being
created in the engine.
Automotive Fuel and Emissions Control Systems, 2/e © 2009 Pearson Higher Education, Inc.
By James D. Halderman and Jim Linder Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
AIR INTAKE FILTRATION
• Filter Replacement
• Air Filter Elements
• Remotely Mounted Air
Filters and Ducts
Automotive Fuel and Emissions Control Systems, 2/e © 2009 Pearson Higher Education, Inc.
By James D. Halderman and Jim Linder Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
ALWAYS CHECK THE AIR FILTER
FIGURE 6-4 (a) Note the discovery as the air filter housing was opened during service
on a Pontiac Bonneville. The nuts were obviously deposited by squirrels (or some
other animal). (b) Not only was the housing filled with nuts, but also this air filter was
extremely dirty, indicating that this vehicle had not been serviced for a long time.
Automotive Fuel and Emissions Control Systems, 2/e © 2009 Pearson Higher Education, Inc.
By James D. Halderman and Jim Linder Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
ENGINE AIR TEMPERATURE REQUIREMENTS
Automotive Fuel and Emissions Control Systems, 2/e © 2009 Pearson Higher Education, Inc.
By James D. Halderman and Jim Linder Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
WHAT DOES THIS TUBE DO?
FIGURE 6-5 A resonance tube, called a Helmholtz resonator, is used on the intake
duct between the air filter and the throttle body to reduce air intake noise during
engine acceleration.
Automotive Fuel and Emissions Control Systems, 2/e © 2009 Pearson Higher Education, Inc.
By James D. Halderman and Jim Linder Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
THROTTLE-BODY INJECTION INTAKE
MANIFOLDS
• A throttle-body fuel injector
forces finely divided
droplets of liquid fuel into
the incoming air to form a
combustible air–fuel
mixture.
Automotive Fuel and Emissions Control Systems, 2/e © 2009 Pearson Higher Education, Inc.
By James D. Halderman and Jim Linder Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
THROTTLE-BODY INJECTION INTAKE
MANIFOLDS
Automotive Fuel and Emissions Control Systems, 2/e © 2009 Pearson Higher Education, Inc.
By James D. Halderman and Jim Linder Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
PORT FUEL-INJECTION INTAKE MANIFOLDS
Automotive Fuel and Emissions Control Systems, 2/e © 2009 Pearson Higher Education, Inc.
By James D. Halderman and Jim Linder Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
PORT FUEL-INJECTION INTAKE MANIFOLDS
FIGURE 6-8 The graph shows the effect of sonic tuning of the intake manifold
runners. The longer runners increase the torque peak and move it to a lower
RPM. The 600-mm-long intake runner is about 24 inches long.
Automotive Fuel and Emissions Control Systems, 2/e © 2009 Pearson Higher Education, Inc.
By James D. Halderman and Jim Linder Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
PORT FUEL-INJECTION INTAKE MANIFOLDS
FIGURE 6-9 Airflow through the large diameter upper intake manifold is
distributed to smaller diameter individual runners in the lower manifold in this
two-piece manifold design.
Automotive Fuel and Emissions Control Systems, 2/e © 2009 Pearson Higher Education, Inc.
By James D. Halderman and Jim Linder Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
VARIABLE INTAKES
• Many intake manifolds are
designed to provide both
short runners, best for
higher engine speed power,
and longer runners, best for
lower engine speed torque.
Automotive Fuel and Emissions Control Systems, 2/e © 2009 Pearson Higher Education, Inc.
By James D. Halderman and Jim Linder Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
PLASTIC INTAKE MANIFOLDS
• Plastic intake manifolds
have smoother interior
surfaces than do other
types of manifolds, resulting
in greater airflow.
FIGURE 6-12 The exhaust gas recirculation system is more efficient at controlling
NOX emissions if the exhaust gases are cooled. A long metal tube between the
exhaust manifold and the intake manifold allows the exhaust gases to cool before
entering the engine.
Automotive Fuel and Emissions Control Systems, 2/e © 2009 Pearson Higher Education, Inc.
By James D. Halderman and Jim Linder Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
UPPER AND LOWER INTAKE MANIFOLDS
Automotive Fuel and Emissions Control Systems, 2/e © 2009 Pearson Higher Education, Inc.
By James D. Halderman and Jim Linder Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
EXHAUST MANIFOLD DESIGN
• The exhaust manifold is
designed to collect high-
temperature spent gases
from the head exhaust
ports.
Automotive Fuel and Emissions Control Systems, 2/e © 2009 Pearson Higher Education, Inc.
By James D. Halderman and Jim Linder Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
EXHAUST MANIFOLD DESIGN
Automotive Fuel and Emissions Control Systems, 2/e © 2009 Pearson Higher Education, Inc.
By James D. Halderman and Jim Linder Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
HOW CAN A CRACKED EXHAUST MANIFOLD
AFFECT ENGINE PERFORMANCE?
Automotive Fuel and Emissions Control Systems, 2/e © 2009 Pearson Higher Education, Inc.
By James D. Halderman and Jim Linder Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
EXHAUST MANIFOLD GASKETS
• Gaskets are used on new
engines with tubing- or
header-type exhaust
manifolds.
• The gaskets often include
heat shields to keep
exhaust heat from the
spark plugs and spark plug
cables.
• They may have several FIGURE 6-17 Typical exhaust manifold
gaskets. Note how they are laminated to
layers of steel for high- allow the exhaust manifold to expand and
temperature sealing. contract due to heating and cooling.
Automotive Fuel and Emissions Control Systems, 2/e © 2009 Pearson Higher Education, Inc.
By James D. Halderman and Jim Linder Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
THE CORRECT TOOLS SAVE TIME
FIGURE 6-18 An exhaust manifold spreader tool is a tool that is absolutely necessary
to use when reinstalling exhaust manifolds. When they are removed from the engine,
they tend to warp slightly even though the engine is allowed to cool before being
removed. The spreader tool allows the technician to line up the bolt holes without doing
any harm to the manifold.
Automotive Fuel and Emissions Control Systems, 2/e © 2009 Pearson Higher Education, Inc.
By James D. Halderman and Jim Linder Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
MUFFLERS
• Sound is air vibration.
– When the vibrations are large, the sound is loud.
• The muffler catches the large bursts of high-pressure
exhaust gas from the cylinder, smoothing out the pressure
pulses and allowing them to be released at an even and
constant rate.
FIGURE 6-19 Exhaust gases expand and cool as they travel through the passages in the muffler.
Automotive Fuel and Emissions Control Systems, 2/e © 2009 Pearson Higher Education, Inc.
By James D. Halderman and Jim Linder Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
WHY IS THERE A HOLE IN MY MUFFLER?
Automotive Fuel and Emissions Control Systems, 2/e © 2009 Pearson Higher Education, Inc.
By James D. Halderman and Jim Linder Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
MORE AIRFLOW MORE POWER
FIGURE 6-21 A high-performance aftermarket air filter often can increase airflow
into the engine for more power.
Automotive Fuel and Emissions Control Systems, 2/e © 2009 Pearson Higher Education, Inc.
By James D. Halderman and Jim Linder Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
SUMMARY
1. All air entering an engine must be filtered.
2. Engines that use throttle-body injection units are equipped
with intake manifolds that keep the airflow speed through
the manifold at 50 to 300 feet per second.
3. Most intake manifolds have an EGR valve that regulates
the amount of recirculated exhaust that enters the engine
to reduce NOX emissions.
4. Exhaust manifolds can be made from cast iron or stainless
steel.
5. The exhaust system also contains a catalytic converter,
exhaust pipes, and muffler. The entire exhaust system is
supported by rubber hangers that isolate the noise and
vibration of the exhaust from the rest of the vehicle.
Automotive Fuel and Emissions Control Systems, 2/e © 2009 Pearson Higher Education, Inc.
By James D. Halderman and Jim Linder Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458