m All stations transmit data on same frequency, but at

different times
m Needs time synchronization
m Pros
à users can be given different amounts of bandwidth
à mobiles can use idle times to determine best base station
à can switch off power when not transmitting
m 6ons
à synchronization overhead
à greater problems with multipath interference on wireless
links
m uiming problems require a mechanism to synchronize the
transmitter and receiver
m uwo solutions exist
à Asynchronous
à Synchronous
m ’oth methods are concerned with timing issues
m How does the receiver know when the bit period begins
and ends?
m Small timing difference becomes more significant over time
if no synchronization takes place between sender and
receiver
m Synchronization occurs on the data link layer
m dsed in serial
communication
m Data transmitted 1
character at a time
m 6haracter format is usually
1 start & 1+ stop bits, plus
data of 5-8 bits
m 6haracter may include
parity bit
m uiming needed only within
each character
m Resynchronization is
accomplished with each
start bit
m dses simple, cheap
technology
m Wastes 20-30% of
bandwidth
m dsed in parallel m Data framed by preamble
communication (opening)/ postamble
m Large blocks of bits (closing) bit patterns
transmitted without m More efficient than
start/stop codes asynchronous
m Synchronized by a clock m Overhead typically below
signal or clocking data 5%
m dsed at higher speeds than
asynchronous
m Low-speed terminals and P6s commonly use
asynchronous transmission
à inexpensive
m Large systems and networks commonly use
synchronous transmission
à overhead too expensive; efficiency necessary
à error-checking more important
m uHE ADVAN6ED 6OMMdNI6AuION SYSuEM IS
VASuLY dSED NOWADAYS

m dNFORudNAuELY uHE 6OMMdNI6AuION

SYSuEM IS ALSO dSED AGAINSu uHE
SO6IEuY AND HdMANIuY EVEN FOR
PERSONAL GAINS
m 6ELL PHONES, GPS SYSuEM AND RADIO
6OMMdNI6AuION ARE NOW WIDELY dSED ’Y
uERRORISu GROdPS
› º
 


 

 - Generates the radio signal that
will interfere with the cell phone signal

› u     - 6ontrols the frequency at which the jammer

broadcasts its signal by sending a particular voltage to the
oscillator

› a   - Produces random electronic output in a

specified frequency range to jam the cell-phone network signal
(part of the tuning circuit)

› x 
   ( ) - ’oosts the power of the radio

frequency output to high enough levels to jam a signal
m India: government and schools use jammers.
m dnited States: illegal to operate, manufacture,
import, or offer for sale, with fines of up to $11,000
and imprisonment of up to one year.
m Pakistan: legal inside banks, often used also in
libraries
m dnited Kingdom: illegal to use, but legal to own
AMMER IS AN A’SuRA6u IDEA OF AMMING
ANY LINK.uHdS AMMER 6AN ’E 6AuEGORIZE
IN A NdM’ER OF WAYS

WE ’RING FORuH A FEW IMPORuANu OF uHEM

m 6ELL-PHONE FdN6uIONS IN A
WAY uHAu
uHE SIGNAL IS 6ARRIED FROM
’ASE SuAuION
uO SAuELIuE AND ’A6K DOWN
uO uHE RE6EIVER VIA uHE
SERVI6E uOWERS.

m 6ELL PHONE AMMERS AM uHE

DOWN LINK
SIGNALS DENYING
6OMMdNI6AuION
It produces the frequency at the cell frequency

It causes interference and cancel out signals.

Hopping of frequency occurs to block frequency band.

Interrupt the communication between base station and

mobile.

6all and { {is barred.

Power IF RF
Supply Section Section
m It blocks unwanted signals.
m It is used to maintain peace & silence.
m It is used to interrupt terrorist communication.
m It is used in security purpose .
m It can be used for blocking signal illegaly.

m It can be used for tech-war.

m It can be used for self benefit.