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 Mitosis is a type of cell division which involves the

division of the nucleus to produce two daughter


cells, each containing the same number and the
same kind of chromosomes as the parent cell.

 Mitosis occurs in all somatic cells which are body


cell except gametes.

 Somatic cells contain two sets of chromosomes,


one set derived from the female parent and the
other from male parent.
 Somatic cell with two sets of chromosomes are
called diploid cells.(2n)

 Cells with single set of unpaired chromosomes are


called haploid cells(n).

 Example ; Human each somatic cell has 46


chromosomes or 23 pairs of chromosomes.
 The significance of mitosis :

-produce new cells for growth, repair and replace cell


that are damaged or dead.
-Increase the number of organisms (asexual
reproduction)
-Ensures that the new cells are genetically identical to
the parent.
 The cell cycle consist of two major phases:
Interphase and mitotic phase ( M phase ).
 During the mitotic phase, there is mitotic cell
division which includes both mitotic and
cytokinesis.
 Interphase : G1 (first gap), S phase (synthesis) and
G2 phase (second gap).
 G1 and G2 phase, the cell grows by producing
protein and cytoplasmic organelles.
 In the S phase, synthesis of DNA occurs.
 During interphase, the chromosomes are not
visible but appears as thread-like stuctures called
chromatin.
 Mitosis is divided into four phases :

-prophase
-metaphase
-anaphase
-telophase
 The chromosomes condensed, and
become short and thick.
 They consists of sister chromatids

joined together at the centromere.


 The spindle fibres begin to form.
 The nucleolus disappears
 The nuclear membrane disintergrates
 The centromeres of all
chromosomes
 line up on the metaphase plate
 The mitotic spindle is now fully

formed
 The two sister chromatids are

still attached to each other.


 The two sister chromatids
separate
 Each is pulled to the opposite

poles by the shortening of


the spindle fibres.
  
 The two sets of chromosomes reach the
opposite poles of the cell
 The chromosomes become less visible
 They become chromatin
 The spindle fibres disappear
 A new nuclear membrane forms

around each set of chromosomes


 Cytokenesis occurs at the end of telophase.
 The plasma membrane constricts around the

equator of the cell dividing the cytoplasm


into two daughter cells.
 In plant cells, cytokenesis starts with the

formation of cell plate at the equator of the


cell.
 The cell plate enlarges until its surrounding

membrane fuses with the plasma membrane


along the perimeter of the cell.
 A new cell wall is formed between them and

two daughter cell are produced.


 The rate and timing of cell division is important for
normal cell growth, development and maintenance.
 Different cell divide at different frequency.
 Human skin divide throughout their lifespan.
 Liver cell maintain their ability to divide and only divide
when necessary.
 Nerve cell and muscle cells do not dive at all once they
mature.
 The control system within the cell ensure that cell
division is complete and the cell divides in a controlled
manner.
 Cancer is a genetic diseases caused by
uncontrolled mitosis due to severe disruption to
the mechanism that controls the cell cycle.
 Cancerous cell divide freely and uncontrollably

without heeding the cell cycle control system.


 These cell compete with the surrounding normal

cells to obtain sufficient nutrient and energy for


growth.
 A cancerous cell divides uncontrollably to for a

tumor – can invade and destroy neighbouring cells.


THE APPLICATION OF
KNOWLEDGE
ON MITOSIS IN CLONING

TISSUE CULTURE
CLONING
TRANSGENIC PLANT
Tissue culture is the growth of tissues of living organisms
in a suitable and sterile culture medium, containing
nutrients and growth hormones.
AAsmall
small piece
pieceof
oftissue
tissuethat
thatisisroot
rootor
or stem
stemtissues,
tissues,isistaken
takenfrom
from
thecarrot
the carrot

Theexplant
The explantisisplaced
placedonto
ontothe
theculture
culturemedium
medium

Plantcells
Plant cellsdivide
divideby
bymitosis
mitosisto
toform
formaacallus
callus

Cellsininthe
Cells thecallus
callusdevelop
developinto
intoembryos
embryosand
andlater
laterinto
intoplantlets
plantlets

Plantletsare
Plantlets arethen
thentransferred
transferredto
tothe
thesoil
soiland
andgrow
growinto
intoadult
adultplants.
plants.
Advantage of Cloning

•Produce large number of genetically identical


young plants in a short time

•Cloned plants and animals give better and increased


output for example better and more fruits, milk and meat
.
•Cloning prevents endangered species from extinction
Disadvantage of Cloning
•Clones do not show any genetic variation

•All clones have the same level of resistance towards


certain diseases.

•prevent the process of natural selection

•If the external environment changes, then the clones


• will not survive.
TRANSGENIC PLANT

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