Professional Documents
Culture Documents
2. DEFINITIONS
4. SCALE
6. CYLINDRICAL PROJECTIONS
7. AZIMUTHAL PROJECTIONS
CHANGE IN GC TRACK
(CONVERGENCY)
GC TRACK
CA
A B
RL TRACK
MERIDIANS
GEOMETRICALLY CONV = 2 x CA
DEFINITIONS
• GEOID: IT IS THE
PHYSICAL MODEL OF THE EARTH AND
APPROXIMATES MEAN SEA
LEVEL(MSL).
• SPECIAL PURPOSE
• THEMATIC
• TOPOGRAPHICAL
• CELESTIAL
PROJECTION
• PROJECTION IS THE ART OF REPRESENTING THE THREE
DIMENSIONSIONAL SURFACE OF THE EARTH ON A TWO
DIMENSIONAL SURFACE.
(a) GEOMETRIC/PERSPECTIVE
(b) GEOMETRIC MODIFIED
(c) MATHEMATICAL
2. ACCORDING TO PROPERTIES
(a) CYLINDRICAL
(b) CONICAL
(c) ZENITHAL
GEOMETRIC
MODIFIED
MERCATOR
MATHEMATICAL
EQUAL AREA
LCO
EQUIDISTANT
MERCATOR EQUIDISTANT
ZENITHAL CYLINDRICAL CONICAL
MERCATOR’S 17th CENTURY
REQUIREMENTS OF AN
IDEAL MAP
1. REPRESENTATION REQUIREMENTS
2. NAVIGATIONAL REQUIREMENTS
2. STATEMENT IN WORDS
2 cms to 1 km
3. GRADUATED SCALE
REPRESENTATIVE FRACTION
EXAMPLE
On a chart 5cm represents 7 NM. What is the scale ?
B B
A A A
ORTHOMORPHISM : MERIDIANS
AND PARALLELS
EQUIVALENCE
• A PROPERTY OF REPRESENTING THE
AREAS IN THEIR CORRECT PROPORTION
ON THE PROJECTION IRRESPECTIVE OF
POSITION.
• CYLINDER IS NORMALLY
TANGENTIAL TO THE RE
ALONG A GREAT CIRCLE
(GC).
• WHEN THE GC OF
TANGENCY IS THE
EQUATOR THE
PROJECTION IS A
NORMAL CYLINDRICAL.
CYLINDRICAL PROJECTION
• WHEN THE GC OF
TANGENCY IS OTHER
THAN THE EQUATOR
THE PROJECTION IS A
SKEW CYLINDRICAL.
NORMAL
CYLINDRICAL
PROJECTION
GEOMETRIC
CYLINDRICAL
PROJECTION
GEOMETRIC CYLINDRICAL
GEOMETRIC CYLINDRICAL
PROJECTION
GERHARD KRAMER
gerardus mercator.jpg
MERCATOR PROJECTION
• THE SCALE VARIATION ALONG ANY PARALLEL IS
SECANT (1/ COSINE) AND ALONG MERIDIANS IS SEC2
LATITUDE.
8° S 1.00 CORRECT
8° N 1.00 CORRECT
• IT IS NOT ORTHOMORPHIC.
EQUATORIAL GNOMONIC
• POINT OF TANGENCY IS
THE EQUATOR.
• MERIDIANS APPEAR AS
STRAIGHT LINES.
• NOT ORTHOMORPHIC.
EQUATORIAL GNOMONIC
OBLIQUE GNOMONIC
OBLIQUE GNOMONIC
• POINT OF TANGENCY ANY POINT OTHER THAN THE
EQUATOR OR A POLE.
• NOT ORTHOMORPHIC.
POLAR STEREOGRAPHIC
• LIGHT SOURCE IS AT THE
OPPOSITE POLE.
• TWO TYPES:
– PERSPECTIVE
– MATHEMATICAL
PERSPECTIVE CONIC
PROJECTIONS
• THE GRATICULE IS A LINEAR PROJECTION
USUALLLY FROM THE CENTRE OF THE SPHERE
MATHEMATICAL CONIC
PROJECTIONS
• THE GRATICULE IS POSITIONED MATHEMATICALLY
ON A CONE WHICH MAY TOUCH OR CUT THROUGH THE
SPHERE.
PERSPECTIVE CONIC
PROJECTIONS
• A CONE IS PLACED
OVER THE REDUCED
EARTH SO THAT IT IS
TANGENTIAL TO A
PREDETERMINED
PARALLEL OF
LATITUDE. THIS
PARALLEL IS CALLED
ITS STANDARD
PARALLEL.
STANDARD PARALLEL
• A STANDARD PARALLEL ON ANY
PROJECTION IS THAT PARALLEL WHICH IS
DRAWN TO THE SAME SCALE AS THE
SCALE OF THE SAME PARALLEL ON THE
REDUCED EARTH.
• TOPOGRAPHICAL CHARTS
• SPECIAL – OBLIQUE
TRANSVERSE