Visual and Olfactory Stimuli and Fruit Maturity

Affect Trap Captures of Oriental Fruit Flies

(Diptera: Tephritidae)

Authors;
ANDREI V. ALYOKHIN, RUSSELL H.
MESSING, and JIAN J. DUAN

Presented by;
UMAIR FAHEEM
 Oriental Fruit Fly
• Oriental fruit fly is a serious pest in sub
tropical and tropical regions of the world
• It causes direct damage in more than 150
species of fruit and vegetables
• Effective pest management technique is
required to control this pest
 Why Lure and Kill?
• Lure and kill strategy for the monitoring
and control will have immediate benefits to
the farmers
• Lure and kill strategy was successfully used
against the apple maggots in North America
• Methyl eugenol is only effective against the
males, so the technology is useless untill the
male density decreases to 99%
• No such strategy available for the control of
Oriental fruit fly
Previous Studies by Cornelius et al.

• Cornelius et al. (1999) identified standard Ladd

traps as a more efficient trap for capturing Oriental
fruit fly females than several other traps

• Cornelius et al. (2000) also determined that liquid

hydrolyzed proteinaccous bait (Nulure) attracted
more female flies in a guava orchard than several
ammonia based olfactory lures
 Study Objectives

• Combining most attractive visual trap (Ladd

trap) with most attractive olfactory trap
(Nulure) for synergistic effect

• Determine whether the timing of trap

deployment relative to host phenology
affects the number of flies captured
 Experimental Site

• Experiment was conducted on 194 ha

unsprayed guava orchard at Kilauea Island
of Kauai.
• During 7 March to 27 June, 1999
• Trees were 4m tall and canopy
circumference was 25m
 Experiment 1
• Conducted to measure the relative efficacy
of the traps
• Orchard divided into six blocks, each of
625m2, 2 blocks for each treatment
• Four traps of each type were hung below
tree for 10-12 days and repeated six times at
weekly interval
• Number of male and females captured were
counted
 Experiment 2
• To investigate the effect of timing of trap
deployment on fruit flies
• Experimental protocols were similar to the
experiment 1 but this time they measured
the traps catch before and after the ripe fruit
• Experiment was repeated three times at 4-6
days interval before and after the fruit
ripening
 Experiment 3
• To investigate the effect of plant phenology and
other seasonal factors on fruit fly captures
• Adjacent field was selected and divided into two
halves one contained ripened fruit and other
contained the immature fruit
• 10 yellow spheres were hung with wire 10-12cm
below the canopy
• Experiment was repeated four times 2-3 days
interval
 Results 1

Trap Mean No. ♂ ♂ Mean No. ♀ ♀

Ladd 6.39+2.03 5.06+0.69

Baited Ladd 9.42+1.91 14.08+1.36

McPhail-type 0.12+0.05 0.42+0.11

 Results 2

Ripe fruit present

Ripe fruit absent

Mean No. Mean No. Mean No. Mean No.

♂♂ ♀♀ ♂♂ ♀♀
Ladd Traps 89.79a 0.25a 7.42a 7.08a

Baited Ladd 119.0a 0.36a 6.0b 17.21b

Traps
McPhail Traps 0.08b 0.08b 0.21c 0.50c
 Result 3

Mean No. Mean No.

♂♂ ♀♀

Non Fruiting 4.28+1.27 1.50+1.29

Orchard

Fruiting Orchard 2.10+0.43 5.13+0.78

 Conclusion
• Protein odor significantly increased fruit fly
captures in Ladd traps
• Female Oriental fruit fly traps should be
based on visual and olfactory lures
• They can be used in suppression of Oriental
fruit fly
• The number of fruit fly caught in traps
changed significantly both in space and
time