CEREAL SYSTEMS INITIATIVE FOR SOUTH ASIA (CSISA)

7 June 2011, IRRI Office, Dhaka

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Systems of Rice Culture/Rice Ecosystems

An ecosystem is a biological environment consisting of all the organisms living in a particular area, as well as all the nonliving, physical components of the environment with which the organisms interact, such as air, soil, water and sunlight.

Components:
 Systems of growing rice: to suit specific environments and

socio-economic conditions of the farmers

 Soil/land  Crop management practices
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Classification of Rice Culture/Ecosystem

According to source of water supply:
 Rainfed (Aus, Aman)  Irrigated (Boro)

Based on land and water management practices:

 Lowland (wetland preparation of fields): T. Aus, T. Aman  Upland (dryland preparation of fields): B. Aus

According to water regime:

 Upland, with no standing water, no bunds  lowland, with 5-50 cm of standing water with bund  Deepwater, with > 51 cm to 5-6 m standing water
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Rice Ecosystems in Bangladesh

In Bangladesh the rice-growing environment has been classified into three major ecosystems based on physiography and land types. These ecosystems area) irrigated, b) rainfed, and c) floating or deepwater. The rainfed ecosystem has been further classified as rainfed lowland and  rainfed upland
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Rainfed Ecosystems
Rainfed rice: The bulk of the rice is produced in the wet season:
 dependence of rainfall  rainfall is the most limiting production constraint for rainfed

rice culture
Rainfed Upland rice (during March to July)  Rainfed lowland pre-monsoon: T. Aus (during April to

August) and
 Rainfed lowland monsoon: T. Aman (during July to

December)
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Rainfed upland rice

Rainfed Upland rice (DS Aus):  Broadcast in to dry soil  Drilled in to dry soil  Dibbled in to dry soil (to escape drought & salinity) Constraints: The yield potential of this crop is the lowest due mostly to the unfavorable weather.  The second important constraint is the lack of high yielding varieties.  Unpredictable distribution of rainfall hinders timeliness of some management practices, particularly fertilizer management.  Thirdly, the climatic conditions are very much conducive for rapid growth of weeds and pest and disease infestation.
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Rainfed upland rice: contd---In Bangladesh, rainfed lowland rice by direct seeding on to

non puddled soil at the beginning of the rainy season is known as aus (meaning early)
 The rice is direct seeded in March-April and harvested in

July-August
 Early maturing varieties are more essential than

transplanted rice
 varieties should have good drought tolerance

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Rainfed lowland rice

Rainfed lowland pre-monsoon rice (Aus: meaning early) Rainfed lowland monsoon rice (T. Aman: meaning safety or stability): (including medium deep stagnant water; 50-100 cm)  Enough water has to accumulate in the field to soften the soil before plowing can be done  Dikes/bunds are essential for rainfed culture because the undependable water supply must be captured and controlled Land is either prepared wet or dry but water is always held on the field  The establishment methods are: - transplanting in puddled soil. - WSR on puddled soil and - direct seeded in to dry soil
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Irrigated lowland rice: TPR Rainfed lowland rice: WSR

Rainfed lowland rice: TPR

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Rainfed upland rice: dry DSR

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Rainfed lowland pre-monsoon rice: T. Aus

 T. Aus, the wet season first crop, is grown when sufficient rainfall occurs during April to August.  This is the period experiencing higher temperatures with minimum diurnal fluctuation, moderate humidity during the reproductive stage, but with occasional scanty rainfall during the early vegetative growth period.  Such a climate is very much conductive to higher vegetative growth of the crop with the lowest partitioning coefficient and  development of pests and diseases.  Rice varieties grown are all insensitive to photoperiod and mature within 110 to 130 days.  Therefore, climatic limitation is the most important constraint for this rice.
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Rainfed lowland monsoon rice: T. Aman

The wet season second crop grown in the rainfed lowland ecosystem is
known as T. Aman, cultivated during full monsoon period. The crop experiences high rainfall and temperature during the vegetative stage and low temperature often associated with drought during the reproductive stage. Since the Aman crop experiences two extreme climates at two ends, planting time is very important for this rice but often farmers cannot follow the appropriate planting schedule due to various socioeconomic factors and delayed on set of rainfall. This late planting causes yield decline. To save the crop from low temperature stress at the reproductive stage and also to establish a rabi crop timely after the harvest of Aman, shorter duration varieties with less or no sensitivity to photoperiod have been evolved recently for cultivation in shallow flooded areas.
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Special Ecosystem: Tidal saline and non saline wetlands

 Coastal rice belongs to tidal wet land rice
This ecosystem includes both saline and non-saline ecologies.  In non-saline: single T. Aman, Boro-T. Aman, T. Aus-T. Aman CPs  In saline: single T. Aman, Boro/sesame/mungbean- T. Aman, BoroShrimp/Prawn-Fish, T. Aman+ Fish CPs  Local varieties with taller seedling is used.  In the medium flooded area, harvesting of Aman rice in standing water at the harvesting time, photo period sensitive var, better.  In saline ecologies, the only MV is practiced BR23 which can tolerate stagnant water, some salinity, taller plant height, non-lodging, less sterility

 There is little scope for further expansion of MVs unless varieties with
relatively higher growth rate in the nursery bed, sturdy culm and
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2006 25 Salinity (dS/m 20 15 10 5 0 J F M A M

2007

2008

2009

Month

Fig. Top soil salinity of Kismat Fultala, Batiaghata, Soil series: Dumuria (MHL)
2006 35 Salinity (dS 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Month 2007 2008 2009

Fig. Water salinity of Pasur river, Mongla port , CSISA Mongla, Bagerhat

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Major crop management in Rainfed lowland rice

Transplanted rice:  In general, modern semi-dwarf varieties are grown in shallow rainfed lowland (30 cm) rice growing area  Taller varieties with or without photoperiod sensitivity in medium deep LL  The maturity is controlled by short days (< 12 hrs) and cool climate (<27 0c) particularly during the reproductive and ripening phases of crop growth  Aman crop is often subjected to flash flood and reduction in stand due to seedling submergence needs submergence tolerant variety  Seedbeds starting with the onset of the monsoonal rains Seeds are soaked for 24 hrs and then incubated for 48 hrs In wet seedbed with 80-100 g/m2 of seedbed
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Major crop management in Rainfed lowland rice: contd- Age of seedling; 20-30 days for photoperiod sensitive and 40-50 days

for photoperiod sensitive varieties of rice  2-3 seedlings/hill (with high tillering capacity)  20 x 20 or 20 x 15 cm spacing, wider spacing in fertile soil and closer spacing in poor soil,  closer spacing with more seedling/hill I late planted condition  Most modern early maturing rices have a short vegetative period that limits the number of panicles formed. Thus dense planting of these varieties can overcome the limitation of a short vegetative period.  With poor weed control, closely spaced rice competes better with weeds.
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Wet-seeded lowland rice Pre-germinated seeds are broadcasted or drilled on to puddled fields without much standing water  Stand establishment is often poor because of poor land preparation, weed competition and poor water control  Early maturing variety (about 100- day duration) are preferred  Where rainfall distribution is good and farmers can puddle the fields quickly and thoroughly Dry seeded lowland rice  Establishment of dry seeded rice in lowland fields must be in accord with the local rainfall pattern
 To obtain high yields with direct seeded rice optimum time of planting

based rainfall pattern, good weed management, optimum fertilizer management (N, K) are necessary
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Irrigated lowland rice: Boro

 Transplanted rice
 Drilled/broadcast onto puddled soil (WSR by drum seeder)  Irrigated rice is grown after the harvest of T. Aman rice or after harvesting a non-rice crop like potato, mustard or quick growing vegetables.  Low temperature during the early vegetative stage of the crop prolongs growth duration and thus most of the existing modern varieties mature within 165 days.  This requires use of a high level of inputs like irrigation, fertilizer and plant protection measures.  Of all the constraints of Boro rice cultivation, the most pressing one is the availability of irrigation water followed by farmers
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dose.

Irrigated lowland rice: Boro-contd--Farmers of some regions delay planting in order to shorten growth duration vis--vis the production cost, particularly of irrigation. This delayed planting, however, reduces yield significantly.  Recently BRRI released relatively shorter duration Boro varieties. But some farmers without being fully aware of the appropriate technologies for such varieties often stick to their traditional practices of early transplanting, subjecting the crop to cold injury during the flowering stage and thus realize poor harvests.  With ideal conditions, it is possible to obtain similar high grain yield with rice transplanted or direct seeded in puddled soil.

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Irrigated lowland rice: Boro-contd-- To obtain high yields with direct seeded rice optimum time of planting, precise water management, good weed management, optimum fertilizer management (N, K) are necessary

Aus area-9%, Aman -48 % and Boro-43 % of total rice area (10.58 m ha): BBS, 2009

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Deep water/floating rice

 Broadcast onto dry soil  Transplanted This is a very long duration crop sown in March/April and harvested in November/December. This rice requires a special habitat of prolonged flooding. The varieties are strongly sensitive to photoperiod and low tillering, producing a very high amount of biomass but with the least HI. The most important constraints of this rice are lack of varieties with high yield potential, unpredictable flooding, and low response to fertilizers. The maximum water depths vary between 51-100 cm for ,ore than half of the growth duration and sometimes there is completely submergence of the plant. The depth of water, duration of flooding, the rate of increase in water level, temperature, turbidity, and time of occurrence, vary for different areas, so that the term deepwater may have different meanings in different countries.
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