CHAPTER Modulation

Chapter Objectives
Explain amplitude, frequency and phase shift modulation Give an example of a modulation technique used in modems Discuss modem standards
Communication, compression etc.
Continued

Continuation of Chapter Objectives

Differentiate between bps and Baud that are units used for measuring communication speed Describe analog-to-digital modulation Explain digital-to-digital interface Summarize the different types of signal conversions
Digital-to-analog, analog-to-digital, analogto-analog and digital-to-digital

Chapter Modules
Amplitude modulation Frequency and phase shift modulation Modems and modulation FM modulation in modems Speed of modulated signals Analog-to-digital modulation Digital-to-digital interfacing

Overview
Digital-to-analog modulation
Computer-to-telephone interface

Analog-to-digital modulation
Digitization of audio

Digital-to-digital interface
Computer-to-ISDN interface

Modulation

Amplitude Modulation

Overview of Modulation
Serial link RS -232 Computer Modem Phone Line RJ-11

Digital

Analog

Amplitude Modulation (AM)

1 = Amp. 1 0 = Amp. 2 1 0 A 1 0 B

Amp. 1

Amp. 2

Characteristics of Amplitude Modulation

Amplitude of the analog signal is modulated One amplitude represents a 0 Another amplitude represents a 1 Frequency remains unchanged in both cases Signals that are modulated at one end are demodulated at the other end

Usage
Amplitude is susceptible to interference
This technique in not normally used in modems

A variation of this technique is used in AM radio transmission

Analog-to-analog modulation takes place

AM and Radio Transmission

Voice

Carrier Wave

Modulated Amplitude

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Module
Frequency Modulation

Frequency Modulation (FM)

1 = Frequency F1 0 = Frequency F2 1 0 1 0

Freq. 1

Freq. 2

Characteristics of Frequency Modulation

Frequency is modulated Frequency f1 Represents 1 Frequency f2 Represents 0 The amplitude remains unaltered in both cases

Usage
Variations in frequency are easy to detect
They are less susceptible to interference

FM and variations of this technique are used in modems Easy to implement full duplex transmission under FM A variation of the FM technique described here is used in FM radio transmission

Use of FM in Early Day Modems

Voice BandWidth

F1 0 A

F2 1

F3 0

F4 1 B

Full-duplex Communication

Modulation in Modern Day Modems

Modern day modems may not use the FM technique for modulation They may be using a technique known as Phase Shift Modulation (or Phase Shift Keying)

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Phase Shift Keying (PSK) Modulation

Phase of an Analog Signal

Y Strength

90

180

270

360 X Time Frame

The Concept of Phase Shift

90 degrees phase shift

90 180 degrees phase shift

180

Phase Modulation Technique

0 Degree phase shift

90 Degrees phase shift This is also known as phase shift keying.

Characteristics of Phase Shift Modulation

Phase is modulated Phase shift of 0 represents a 0 Phase shift of 90 degrees represents a 1 Both amplitude and frequency remain unaltered is both cases Also known as Phase Shift Keying, it is used in a number of modern modems as well

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Module

FM Modulation in Modems

Module Objectives
Explain the basic concept of modem communication Provide an example of frequency modulation used in modems Discuss the importance of call mode setting
Call mode and receive mode settings

Basic Concepts of Modem Communication

Voice BandWidth

F1 0 A

F2 1

F3 0

F4 1 B

Full-duplex Communication

FM Details
Different frequencies are used for transmission At node A
F1 for 0 F2 for 1

At node B
F3 for 0 F4 for 1

Call and Receive Modes

Setting for communication
Set one side on call mode Set the other side on receive mode The above would ensures proper assignment of frequencies

Mode Setting Rule

Calling mainframes or on-line services
Set the calling computer on call mode

In general
Set the home computer on the call mode

Fortunately, in a number of cases, the modems poll and set themselves dynamically for communication between the receiver and the sender

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Terms Used in Measuring the Communication speed

 In general, the terms used for measuring speed are bps and Baud The former is being used more widely than the latter bps is the accurate measure of the speed of communication In the past, Baud was being used interchangeable with bps
Both are not interchangeable

Overview

Only in certain circumstances they amount to the same

Definition of bps and Baud

bps represents the number of bits transmitted per second Baud represents the number of times the signal changes its state during a given period of time

Example Where bps and Baud Represent the Same

1 0 F1 F2 bps = 1 Baud = 1

1 Second

Example Where bps and Baud are Different

1 second

0 0

01

10

11

bps = 2 Baud = 1

Frequency Representation
Bits 00 01 10 11 Frequency 1 2 3 4

In Summary
bps measures the speed of communication correctly in bits per second Baud indicates he number of times the state of a signal changes in one second

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Modem Standards

Modem Standardization
The International body that standardizes the modulation technique is known as the ITU ITU is also responsible for setting standards pertaining to:
Error correction Data compression

Sample ITU Specifications

Modulation
ITU V.34

Error correction
ITU V.42 MNP 5

Data compression
ITU V.42 bis MNP 2 to 4

Bell Standard and its Implications

At 1200 bps and below there were two standards
CCITT (ITU at present) Bell

A Bell modem cannot communicate with a CCITT modem Bell standard at that time was used predominantly in the US Today, all modems fall under the ITU specifications

Sample Protocols and Speed

V.92 for 56,000 bps V.90 for 56,000 bps V.34 for 28,800 bps V.32 bis for 14,400 bps V.32 for 9,600 bps A high speed modem could also operate at the lower speed
High speed modems can thus communicate with a low speed modems

A Note on the Protocol Used in the Faster 56K Modems

When the 56K modems were first introduced there were two competing standards One was the X2 standard proposed by US Robotics that is now part of 3Com The competing protocol was knows as the Kflex56 standard
A joint effort between Lucent and Rockwell

ITU Standard for 56K Modems

Both standards have now been superceded by the ITU V.90 standard The vendors now produce modems that operate under the ITU V.90 protocol The vendors also offer upgrades to the older X2 and Kflex modems so that they could operate under V.90

In Summary
ITU specified protocols with respect to modems exist for the following.
Modulation Error correction Data compression

Different protocols apply to different speeds of communication A high speed modem can communicate with a low speed modem

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Module

Analog-to-Digital Mapping

An Overview of Analog-toDigital Modulation

Representation of analog signals by digital signals is known as analog-todigital modulation Often the digitized information is further coded into binary form for computer processing Sample applications include the encoding of audio for computer processing

Steps Involved in the Representation of Analog Signals by Digital Signals

Analog Signals * See earlier slides for details on PAM and PCM

Digitize

PAM or PDM Computer Processing PCM

Encode

Modulation Techniques
Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) Pulse Duration Modulation (PDM)

Pulse Duration Modulation

110

001

101

Note: pulse duration is proportional to The height of the analog wave

Salient Points of Pulse Duration Modulation

Sample the analog signal at predetermined time intervals
Sampling rate

Generate digital pulses of duration proportional to the amplitude of the analog signal at the sampling point Encode the information into binary form

Reference
More information on Asynchronous Transmission

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Digital-to-Digital Interfacing

Module Objectives
Explain the difference between signal modulation (conversion) and digital-todigital signal transformation Explain the concept of digital-to-digital interfacing using ISDN as an example Provide a summary of the different modulation processes

Overview
Analog-to-Digital signal conversion requires modulation Digital-to-Digital interfacing Requires conversion and not modulation In this case, digital signals are converted from one digital format to another digital format Hence, the need for an interface unit even though the signals at both ends are represented in digital form An example is the Computer-to-ISDN link

Digital-to-Digital Interfacing
Digital RS232C Digital ISDN Phone Line ISDN Adapter

Computer

Adapter Converts From Computer To ISDN Format

Summary of Modulation
Digital-to-analog FM used in modems Analog-to-digital PAM and PCM used in the digitization of audio Analog-to-analog AM used in radio transmission Digital-to-digital This is not a modulation process Used by the ISDN interface to the computer Used in DSL communication

End of Modulation

END OF CHAPTER