Wcdmaradionetworkplanningandoptimization 100126064818 Phpapp02

WCDMA Radio Network Planning and Optimization
Song Pengpeng
Contents
> > > > >
WCDMA Fundamentals(including link budget fundamentals) Radio Resource Utilization Coverage and Capacity issues Cell deployment WCDMA Radio Network Planning(including WCDMA-GSM Coplanning issues ) Co-existing TDD & FDD modes
>
Presentation Title 2
All rights reserved 2004
WCDMA Fundamentals
> > > >
WCDMA network infrastructure WCDMA radio interface protocol architecture WCDMA link level characteristics & indicators WCDMA link budget analysis
WCDMA Fundamentals
>
WCDMA Network infrastructure

D a t a G e n er a l D a ta G e n er a l D a t a G e ne r a l
C N Iu N C Iu
MC Iu N C I ur Iu Iu Iu
T AN
N odeB
N odeB
N odeB
N odeB
E E E
WCDMA Fundamentals
>
WCDMA Radio Interface protocol architecture

R o Bear er s adi
R o R adi esour ce C r ol ont u l a er ( R C R)

i gnal l i ng R o Bear er s adi Packet D a at C onver gence Pr ot ocol ( PD P) C
La er
R o Li nk adi C r ol ont R LC u l a er ( R ) LC
R LC
R LC
R LC
La er 2
Logi cal C hannel s
M a Access C r ol edi ont
u l a er ( M ) AC
Tr anspor t C hannel s
Ph si cal l a er ( PH Y)
La er 1
WCDMA Fundamentals
>
Mapping between Trch and P Y channels

Transport Channels Physical Channels DCH Dedicated Physical Data Channel (DPDCH) Dedicated Physical Control Channel (DPCCH) RACH CPCH Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) Physical Common Packet Channel (PCPCH) Common Pilot Channel (CPICH) BCH FACH PCH Synchronisation Channel (SCH) DSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) Acquisition Indicator Channel (AICH) Access Preamble Acquisition Indicator Channel (AP-AICH) Paging Indicator Channel (PICH) CPCH Status Indicator Channel (CSICH) Collision-Detection/Channel-Assignment Indicator HS-DSCH Channel (CD/CA-ICH) High Speed Physical Downlink Shared Channel (HS-PDSCH) HS-DSCH-related Shared Control Channel (HS-SCCH) Dedicated Physical Control Channel (uplink) for HS-DSCH (HS-DPCCH)
Si gnal i ng and C r ol ont C hannel s, e. g. C , PC , FAC , R . . . AC
Primary Common Control Physical Channel (P-CCPCH)
N ode
Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (S-CCPCH)
U ser dat a t r ansm ssi on, i SC SC PC D , D , S- D , C . . . C
WCDMA Fundamentals
WCDMA parameters
Parameters Chip rate Frame length Modulation Bandwidth Vocoder Base synchronization Power control rate Cell identification OVSF code Channelization code
I
WCDMA link level indicators

Average b o indicators BLER BER R Formularization o mments
Ec/Io Ec/Ior
(Eb/No) divided by processing gain
i!
I oth I own
The received chip energy relative to the total power spectral density; always used on CPICH,AICH and PICH. The transmitted energy per chip on a chosen channel relative to the total transmitted power spectral density at the base station. Other-to-own-cell received power ratio
G!
(Geometry factor) Average Power Rise Noise Rise Power Control headroom Macro Diversity Combining Gain
I own I oth PN
Mostly used in downlink, G reflects the distance of the MS from the BS antenna. Atypical range is from 3 dB to 20 dB, where 3 dB is for the cell edge. The difference between the average transmitted power and the average received power in low multi-path diversity channels The ratio of the total received wideband power to the noise power.
(Average required received Eb/Io without fast PC)(average required received Eb/Io with fast PC)
Also referred as TPC headroom or multipath fading margin The reduction of the required Eb/No per link in soft or softer handover when compared to the situation with one radio link only.
Eb No
E b W Prx ! N0 R I Energy per bit divided by noise spectral density(including interference Eb W rx Downlink: power density) N0 I own (1 E ) I oth N
Uplink:
Information bit error rate User information bit rate

WCDMA 3.84 Mcps 1 or 2 ms Downlink: QPSK; Uplink: HPSK 5 MHz Algebraic Code Excited Linear Prediction Coder(ACELP) Asynchronization 15 Hz Unique scrambling code (Gold code)

error rate alculated or the transport blocks
WCDMA Radio Network Planning--- xample of link budget analysis

>
RF link budget components:
WCDMA Radio Network Planning--- xample of link budget analysis

Example of RLB for 12.2 kbps voice service(uplink,120km/h,in-car users,VA channel with soft handover) service(uplink,120km/h,inTransmitter(mobile) Max. Tx power[dBm] Mobile antenna gain[dBi] Body loss[dB] Equivalent Isotropic Radiated power (EIRP)[dBm] Receiver(base station) Thermal noise density [dBm/Hz] Base station receiver noise figure[dB] Receiver noise density [dBm/Hz] Receiver noise power [dBm] 21 0 3 a b c
18
d=a+b-c
-174 5 -169 -103.2 3 -103.2 -100.2 25 5 -120.2 18

2 0 154.2
e f g=e+f h=g+10*log(3840000) I j=10*log(10^((h+i)/10)-10^(h/10)) k=10*log(10^(h/10)+10^(j/10)) l=10*log(3840/12.2) m n=m-l+k o

p q r d-n+o-p-q
Max_path_loss=Ptx_EIRP - Prx_receiver_sensitivity - Lrx_cable + Grx_antenna
r m f r m il st ti t l sed l p f s t p applies especially t sl -m m iles.Typical al es are . m ing m iles(*)
Ah
(*) *
2004 v=r-s+t-u
modeling the impact of the fast power control on the WCDMA uplink, sipila,K., aiho-Steffens,J.,Jasberg,M. and Wacker.A, Proc VTC99 Spring
uston,Texas,May 999 pp. 266- 270
s t u
hand vers give a gin against sl fading y reducing the required l g-n rmal fading margin;it als gives an additi nal macr diversity gain against fast fading y reducing the required E /No due to the effect of macro diversity com ining.
&
10
Allowed_propagation_loss =Max_path_loss - Log_normal_fading_margin + soft_handover_margin - in_car_loss
Coverage probability[%] 95 Log normal fading 7 constant[dB] Propagation model exponent 3.52 Log normal fading margin [dB] 7.3 Soft handover gain[dB] 3 In-car loss[dB] 8 Allowed propagation loss 141.9 for cell range[dB] All rights reserved
the margin required to provide a specified coverage availa ility over the individual cells. For a 95% coverage ith a standard shadowing deviation of 6. d and path loss model with n=3.6 we need a shadowing margin of approximately 6. d
1 0 0 $ ' & ) (" ' & " % & "" " !
t mi t i er tr l. This i pedestrian -5. d f r sl -
35
&
4 3 3
10
% $#
' !
Interference margin[dB] Receiver interference power[dBm] Total effectve noise + interference [dBm] Processing gain[dB] Required Eb/No[dB] Receiver sensitivity[dBm] Base station antenna gain[dBi] Cable loss in the base station[dB] Fast fading margin[dB] Max.path loss[dB]
Closely related with the loading of the cell which su sequently affects the coverage. For coveragelimited cases a smaller interference margin is suggested,while in capacity-limited cases a larger interference margin should e used. Typical value for the interference margin in the coverage-limited cases are 1. -3. d corresponding to -50% loading.

RADIO R SOURC UTI IZATION

>
Basic RRM functions

* Power Control * Handover Control * Congestion Control * Resource Management
Takes care that a connected user is handed over from one cell to another as he moves through the coverage area of a mobile network. Let users set up or reconfigure a radio access bearer( AB) only if these would not overload the system and if the necessary resources are available. Takes care that a system temporarily going into overload is returned to a nonoverloaded situation. To handle all non-realtime traffic,allocate optimum bit rates and schedule transmission of the packet data, keeping the required QoS in terms of throughput and delays. To control the physical and logical radio resources under one RNC;to coordinate the usage of the available hardware resouces and to manage the code tree.
Radio Resource Management

To adjust the transmit powers in upilnk and downlink to the minimum level required to enshure the demanded QoS
Power Control
Handover Control
Admission control
Load control
To ensure that the network stays within the planned condition
Packet data scheduling
Congestion Control
Resource Manager
RADIO R SOURC UTI IZATION---power control( )

>
UMTS Power Control(PC) summary
Presentation Title
RADIO R SOURC UTI IZATION---power control(2)

>
Uplink/Downlink inner- and outer- loop power control

P M C_ OD E
Iub
MDC and splitting
Uu
NodeB UE
DL outer loop PC SIR_step f(BLER or BER) SIR target management SIR estimate vs. target SIR DL TPC commands SIR estimates Vs target Sir UL TPC commands
QE and SIR C in t M l CR /m rg e LR ax rn a UL ual ta ,U n te l/m DE ia Ei t hm z): L act ni t _M O o ri +U 0H Li U alg f fic -1 0 ,D ,DPC ra PC IR (1 0 s, t t S step e p, FP l os _s t rg e P C _ Hth PC l ta L T DC , pa itia LT CP : in er, D RS s, U H A P ow t or fa c P IC NB R L p ain P -C , Lg / Io Ec ,U ER CH I BL CP ) ge t ,PPC tar ER L op L lB r lo C: D ne tu a RR (In : ac CH RC Hs C R DC DP DP on nd H+ ma CC co m DP on PC PC LT /D L
ue v al
s, D
an me
SRNC
UL outer loop PC SIR_step f(BLER or BER) SIR target management
RADIO R SOURC UTI IZATION---handover control

>
Soft-Handover:Example of Soft Handover Algorithm

Addition window
SR C N
Event 1A: A P-CPICH enters the reporting range

8
10 log10 M ne
N u W 10 log10 M i (1 W ) 10 log10 M Best ( R1a H 1a 2) i !1

9 @
I ub
M o D ver si t y acr i com ni ng bi
I ub
d an n m m io co i ss C m TP ans nk tr li
N 10 log10 M old e W 10 log10 M i (1 W ) 10 log10 M Best ( R1b H 1b 2) i !1
Event 1C: A non-active PCPICH becomes better than drop window an active one Event 1D: change of best cell. Reporting event is triggered when any P-CPICH in the reporting range becomes better than the current bet one plus an optional hysteresis value. Event 1E: A P-CPICH becomes better than an absolute threshold plus an optional hysteresis value. Event 1F: A P-CPICH becomes worse than an absolute threshold minus an optional hysteresis value.
PF F
Measurement uantity
(T
U in SO
(T
(T
PI
As_Th
As_Th_ yst
As_ ep_ yst
PI
PI
ell 1 onnected
Event 1A Add ell 2
Event 1 Replace ell 1 ith ell
Event 1 Remove ell
H F I
H F G F
B C
AS_Th
AS_Th_ yst
Time
SR
N ode
TP tr Cc an om s m l i m s and i nk si 2 2 on
Event 1B: A P-CPICH leaves the reporting range
N ode 2
H PF F
PF F
RADIO R SOURC UTI IZATION---PC and S O conclusion

>
Bonding of SHO and PC(based on the fact that SHO gain is dependent on
the PC efficiency) SHO gain depends on the type of channel and the degree of PC imperfection.It is usually higher with imperfect PC. SHO diversity can reduce the PC headroom,thus improving the coverage. The transmit and receive power differences as a result of SHO measurement errors and SHO windows can affect the PC error rate in uplink,reducing the uplink SHO gains. In uplink, SHO gain is translated into a decrease in the outer-loop PCs Eb/No target.
RADIO R SOURC UTI IZATION---congestion control

>
Air interface load definition(load control principles)
Uplink Wideband power-based uplink loading

X
LU Throughput-based uplink loading Downlink Wideband power-based downlink loading
LDL !
PrxTotoal Ptx max
Throughput-based downlink loading

N
R
LDL !
k !1
Rmax
or
L DL ! [(1 E ) iDL ] (
k !1
LU !
W
I o n I oth where PrxTotal

V
p rxTotal ! I o
I oth PN
!
k
1 (1 i ) W 1 V k Rk R k
Rk R k ) W
RADIO R SOURC UTI IZATION---congestion control (contd)

>
Congestion control---keep the air interface load under predefined thresholds

C ongest i on C r ol ont
Ad i ssi on cont r ol
Admission control---handling all the new traffic Load control---managing the situation when system load has exceeded the threshold Packet scheduling---handling all the non-real-time traffic Wideband power-based admission control
For uplink, an RT bearer will be admitted if
where
oad cont r ol
Packet dat a sched l i ng
>
Admission control
PrxNC (I e PrxT arg et

PrxTotoal e PrxT arg et PrxOffset PtxTotal e PtxT arg et PtxOffset
PtxNC (P e PtxT arg et
P (I } rxTotal (L 1 L
and (L !
For downlink, an RT bearer will be admitted if
1 W 1 R R
Throughput-based admission control
For uplink, it follows LoldUL (L e LthresholdUL For downlink, it follows LoldDL (L e LthresholdD L
RADIO R SOURC UTI IZATION---congestion control (contd)

>
Packet scheduling

Packet schedul i ng al gor i t hm
Time division scheduling Code division scheduling
Pr ocess C apaci t y r equest s
C cul at e l oad budget f or al packet schedul i ng
N o N o
Yes
oad bel ow t ar get l evel ?
O l oad t hr eshol d ver exceeded? Yes I ncr ease l oadi ng D ease l oadi ng ecr
Al l ocat e/ m f y/ r el ease odi r adi o r esour ces
RADIO R SOURC UTI IZATION---Code Planning

>
Code planning

Code allocation is under the control of RNC. Code tree may become fragmented and code reshuffling is needed(arranged by RNC).
>
Code allocation

Scrambling and spreading code allocation for uplink(by UTRAN) Scrambling and spreading code allocation for downlink Downlink channelisation code allocation (by UTRAN) Downlink scrambling code planning 5 2 scrambling codes subdivided into 64 groups each of eight codes
RRM optimization --- S O optimization( )

>
Addition window optimization
Determines the relative difference of the cells at the MS end that are to be included in the active set D aded egr per f or m Optimized so that only the relevant cells are due t o ance t oo hi gh l evel in the active set
di f f er ence of t he si gnal s i n AS
I ncr eased S and M S Tx Pow er
R educed D and U capaci t y
t oo hi gh
Too w de i S O ar ea
U nnecessar y br anch addi t i on
I ncr eased SO over head
R educed D capaci t y
Addi t i on w ndow i
t oo l ow
Too sm l al S O ar ea
M C gai n R r educt i on
R educed U capaci t y
Fr equent AS updat es
I ncr easi ng si gnal l i ng over head
R evant el cel l s r em oved f r om AS
I ncr eased Tx pow s er
R educed U / D capaci t y
RRM optimization --- S O optimization(2)

>
Drop window optimization
Slightly larger than the addition window

egr aded per f or m ance d e t o t oo hi gh l evel di f f er ence of t he si gnal s i n AS
Frequent and delayed Hos (cells ping-pong in the active set)

t oo hi gh
I ncr eased BS and M T S Po er nnecessar r anches st a i n AS Too l ar ge SO over head
dr op i ndo
t oo l o
r e ent O s
I ncr eased si gnal i ng over head
t oo l o
R evant el cel l s r em oved f r om AS
I ncr eased T po er s
Y `
I ncr eased M T po er S
R ced L ed capaci t
I ncr eased BS T po er
R ced L ed capaci t
a a
R ced L/ ed L capaci t

>
Replacement window optimization
Determines the relative threshold for MS to trigger the reporting Event 1C.
Too high: slow branch replacement and thus non-optimal active set Too low: ping-pong effect with unnecessary SHOs
I ncr eased cal l dr op or bl ock r at e R educed cal l set up success r at e
M Tx pow S er i ncr ease

t oo hi gh
U l oad i ncr ease D l oad i ncr ease
Act i veset subopt i m al
r epl acm ent w ndow i xceut i on of unnecessar y O s
S Tx pow er i ncr ease
R educed D / U t ot al cel l t r af f i c
t oo l ow
I ncr eased si gnal i ng over head

>
Maximum active set size optimization

D aded egr per f or m ance due t o t oo hi gh l evel di f f er ence of t he si gnal s i n AS Possi bl e unnecessar y br anch addi t i on
I ncr eased M Tx pow S er
R educed U capaci t y
t oo bi g
I ncr eased S O over head
I ncr eased S Tx pow er
R educed D capaci t y
M AS ax si ze
t oo sm l al
Pr event necessar y sof t O br anch addi t i on
R equi r e hi gher Tx pow t o a M er S R equi r e hi gher Tx pow f r om er a M S
D aded D egr R per f or m ance D aded U egr R per f or m ance
I ncr eased cal l dr op/ bl ock r at e
RADIO R SOURC UTI IZATION --- S O optimization conclusion

>
SHO overhead target level should be 0%~ 0%.

Addition window & Drop window optimization should be tuned first Change the active set size if needed Drop timer value is secondary P-CPICH power could be the final parameter for SHO optimization(not recommended!) Optimization of active set weighting coefficient to give a stable SHO performance
Coverage and Capacity issues

> >
Coverage-limited & Capacity-limited scenarios Coverage & Capacity enhancement methods

Additional carriers and Scrambling codes Mast ead Amplifiers Remote RF ead Amplifiers Repeaters igher-order Receiver Diversity Transmit Diversity eam-forming Sectorization
Coverage and Capacity issues---Coverage

>
How can coverage be deduced from link budget? link budget Max Path Loss cell range coverage enerally, service coverage is uplink limited but system capacity may be limited by either uplink or downlink.
Serv ce ty e Speec Data Data Data Uplink bit rate(kbps) 12.2 64 144 384 Maxi u trans it power(dBm) 21 21 21 21 Antenna gain(dB) 0 0 2 2 Body loss(dB) 3 0 0 0 ransmit EIRP(dBm) 18 21 23 23 Pro essing gain 25 17.8 14.3 10 Required Eb No(dB) 4 2 1.5 1 arget loading (%) 50 50 50 50 Rise over thermal noise(dB) 3 3 3 3 hermal noise density(dBm/Hz) -174 -174 -174 -174 Receiver noise figure(dB) 3 3 3 3 Interference floor(dBm/Hz) -168 -168 -168 -168 Receiver sensitivity(dBm) -123.1 -117.9 -115 -111.1 Rx antenna gain(dBi) 18.5 18.5 18.5 18.5 Cable loss(dB) 2 2 2 2 Fast fading margin(dB) 3 3 3 3 Soft handover gain(dB) 2 2 2 2 Isotropi power required (dBm) -138.6 -133.4 -130 126.6 Allowed propagation loss(dB) 156.6 -154.4 153.4 149.6
>
Hint: Its critical to decide whether a specific area should be planned for high data rate service coverage or not
Different service type(voice@12.2kbps, data@ 4,144, 84kbps )supported with different link budget and thus different coverage range!
Coverage and Capacity issues---Capacity

>
An uplink-limited scenario --- when the maximum uplink load is reached prior to the base station running out of transmit power. An downlink-limited scenario --- when the base station runs out of transmit power and additional users cannot be added without modifying the site configuration. Identifying the limited link:
Upli imi i f Upli limi d ell l a D li limi d BTS t a smit powe la e to a i pli ell loa ow BTS t a smit powe capa ilit G eate t a i on t e ownlink BTS t ansmit powe at maxim m Uplink ell loa not at maxim m Improve ownlink loa e ation Improve ownlink link b et
>
>
la e to a low pli ell loa Hi BTS t a smit powe apa ilit C mm n s ns Relati el s mmet i t a i BTS t ansmit powe not at maxim m Indi i ns Uplink ell loa at maxim m S lu i n mprove plink loa e ation
Coverage and Capacity issues--- nhancement methods

>
Coverage & Capacity enhancement methods
Additional carriers and Scrambling codes
System capacity is maximized by sharing the power across the available carriers,e.g, two carriers configured with 10W can offer significantly greater capacity than a single carrier configured with 20W does. In downlink-limited capacity scenario,the number of supported users depends on the downlink channelisation code orthogonality. It is especially true when higher data rate service is supported in micro-cell. To reduce the composite noise figure of the bse station receiver subsystem. But brings bad effects when in downlink-limited scenario. To allow the physical separation of base stations RF and baseband modules. Maintaining the same service coverage performance while increasing cell capacity. Difference between remote RF head amplifiers and repeaters.
Mast ead Amplifiers

Remote RF Head Amplifiers

Coverage and Capacity issues--- nhancement methods(contd)

>
Coverage & Capacity enhancement methods(contd)
Repeaters

Used for extending the coverage area of an existing cell, low-cost and ease of installation but introduces delay. Slight capacity loss in uplink-limited scenario. Applicable in scenarios where clear cell dominance can be achieved such as in rural areas or in tunnels.
Re e RF he plifier Locati t e e tire logical cell at a locatio ormally re iri g a long ee er run Repe er Extending t e coverage of an existing logical cell Complete Rx and Tx chain for both uplink and downlink directions Usually a radio link Non-intelligent retransmission
pplic i
Tranmit ower amplifiers H r re and receiver front ends re el c i ec i BS ptical link Normal R functions of the B Func i n

>
Higher-order Receiver Diversity

To overcome both the impact of fading across radio channel and increase the resulting signal-to-interference ratio. Improves uplink performance,especially beneficial for low-speed mobile terminals. Downlink transmit diversity mandatory in PP specifications,e.g. closedloop mode and open-loop mode. Most effective when time- and multipath- diversity is inadequate,e.g. for capacity gain in micro-cell scenario. An effective technique for improving the downlink performance,especially in environment with a low transmit element. High mobile terminal complexity requirement and non-standard functionality configuration.
Transmit Diversity

Beam-forming


>
Sectorization

A general technique to increase cell capacity where antenna selection is critical. May require correspondingly high quantity of hardware with highly sectorisation. Usage
Sect i ti n level 1s t r s t r s t r r5s t r s t r pplicati n i r ll r l it m r ll t r mi r ll r m r ll r i i r si r t r m r ll fi r ti r ii m im it N t mm l s tm y s t s rt s ifi tr ffi s i ity m r ll fi r ti
for typical Micro- cell deployment
for typical macro-cell deployment
ri
C
>

D P OYM NT
Continuous macro-cells to provide full coverage as an umbrella layer. Micro-cells to accommodate hot-spots with increased capacity and higher bit rates in limited areas. Typical air interface capacities are about 1Mbps/carrier/cell for a threesectored macro BS and 1. Mbps/carrier/cell for a micro BS.
An umbrella macro cell is best suited for highmobility users
Capacity enhancement
f f2 f2 f2 f f f
C i n o s acr o l a er ont i t h f r e enc f
Hierarchical Cell Structure(HCS) with two or more (FDD) carriers
>
Example of WCDMA network evolution
f f2
f f2 f f2 f2
C i n o s acr o l a er ont i t h f r e enc f el ect ed ar eas i t h i cr o cel l s i t h f r e enc f 2 C in o s ont i t h f re C in o s ont i t h f re acr o enc i cr o enc l a er f l a er f2
f f2
Micro layer provides a very high capacity in a limited area

f ,f2 f ,f2 f ,f2 f ,f2 f ,f2 f ,f2 All rights reserved 2004
N acr o l a er o Bot h f r e enci es cont i n o sl f , f 2 sed i n i cr o l a er
C
>
D P OYM NT
Case study of frequency reuse in micro- and macro- networks
Reference scenario
f2
f1 f1 f1 f1
Continuous macro layer with frequency f2 Continuous micro layer with frequency f1
macro carrier reuse is not worth while when micro-cells locates near macro-cells! Reusing a micro carrier on all macro-cells does not bring any improvements in network performance! Reusing a macro carrier on all micro-cells can support 10% more users than the reference scenario,but extra Power Amplifier needed! Micro-cells do not benefit from the other carrier reused from macro-cells if they still have unused capacity on their own carrier!
Reuse of micro frequency in macro layer
f 1, f 2
f1 f1 f1 f1 Reuse of macro frequency in micro layer
Continuous macro layer with frequency f1 and f2 Continuous micro layer with frequency f1
f2
f 1, f 2 f 1, f 2 f 1, f 2 f 1, f 2
Continuous macro layer with frequency f2 Continuous micro layer with frequency f1 and f2
Reuse of macro frequency in selected micro cells
f2
f1 f 1, f 2 f 1, f 2 f1
Continuous macro layer with frequency f2 Continuous micro layer with frequency f1 selected microcells reusing macro frequency f2
WCDMA Radio Network Planning

> > > > > >
overview Dimensioning Detailed planning Optimization aspects Adjacent carrier interference WCDMA & GSM Co-Planning
WCDMA Radio Network Planning---Network planning process overview

Definition Planning and Implementation O&M
Net r f i ur t i i ensi ni ng
Cover age pl anni ng and si t e sel ect i on
Capaci t y Requi r em s ent
Par am er et pl anni ng A ea/ Cel l r speci f i c set t i ng Handover St r at egi es
N w et or O i m sat i on pt i
Requi r em s ent and st r at egy f r c ver age, qual i t y and capaci t y per ser vi ce
Pr opagat i on m easur em s ent cover age pr edi ct i on
Tr af f i c di st r i but i on al l ow ed bl oc i ng/ qeui ng Syst em f eat ur es Ext er nal I nt er f er ence Anal ysi s
Sur vey M easur em s ent
M m axi um l oadi ng
St at i st i cal per f or m ance anal ysi s
Si t e acqui si t i on Cover age opt i m sat i on i
I dent i f i cat i on Adapt at i on
O her RRM t
Q i ty ual Ef f i ci ency A l abl i t y vai
WCDMA Radio Network Planning ---Dimensioning( )

>
What is Dimensioning?
--- to estimate the required site density and site configurations for the area of interest Radio Link Budget(RLB) and coverage analysis Capacity estimation Estimation of the amount of base station hardware and sites,radio network controllers,equipment at different interfaces and core network elements Knowledge of service distribution,traffic density, traffic growth estimates and QoS requirements are essential
WCDMA Radio Network Planning ---Dimensioning(2)

>
Coverage analysis:
for the single-cell case*: where a ! W0 2r b ! W 2 where Pr is the received level at the cell edge, n is the propagation constant, x0 is the average signal strength threshold and W is the standard deviation of the field strength and erf is the error function. for a typical macro-cellular environment
Fu !
1 1 2ab 1 ab 1 erf (a ) exp( ) (1 erf ( )) 2 b2 b
x P
10 n log10 e
using Okumura-Hata model, the following formular gives an example for an urban macro-cell with base station antenna height of 2 m, mobile station antenna height of 1. m and carrier frequency of 19 0 MHz:
Lp ! 1 8 . .7 log 10 ( r )
where r is the maximum cell range and Lp is the max path loss.
Microwave Mobile Communications, Jakes,W.C, John Wiley& Sons, 974, 26pp


>
Capacity estimation

WCDMA capacity and coverage are connected in terms of interference margin. Knowledge and vision of subscriber distribution and growth is a must. Site configurations such as channel elements,sectors and carriers and site density can be determined. Capacity refinement may be obtained in late network optimization. RNC dimensioning limited factors:

>
RNC dimensioning
Maximum number of cells(a cell is identified by a frequency and a scrambling code) Maximum number of Node B under one RNC Maximum Iub throughput Amount and type of interfaces(e.g. STM-1,E1)

>
RNC dimensioning(contd)
The number of RNCs needed to connect a certain number of cells

nu RNCs !
The number of RNCs needed according to the number of BTSs to be connected nu BTSs
nu RNCs ! btsRNC fillrate 2
nu Cells cellsRNC fillrate1
the number of RNCs to support the Iub throughput

nu RNCs ! voiceTP CSdataTP PSdataTP nu Subs tpRNC fillrate3
> > >
Supported traffic (upper limit of RNC processing ability) Required traffic(lower limit of RNC processing ability) RNC transmission interface to Iub
WCDMA Radio Network Planning ---Detailed Planning( )

>
Using Radio Network Planning(RNP) tools
l obal i ni t i al i zat i on
To find an optimum trade-off between quality,capacity and coverage criteria for all the services in an operators service portfolio. Integrated tools for dimensioning,network planning and optimization. Static simulator flow
I ni t i al i ze i t erat i ons
I ni t i al i sat i on phase
pl i nk i t erat i on st ep
C bi ned om
P processi ng ost
raphi cal out put s
C overage anal ysi s

P P ost rocessi ng phase
* Static simulator for studying WCDMA radio network planning issues,Wacker.A, aiho-steffens.J,Sipila.K and Jasberg.M,VTC99Spring pp2436-2440
c d d
>
Using Static simulator *
D nl i nk i t erat i on st ep ow
/ D i t erat i on
WCDMA Radio Network Planning ---Detailed Planning(2)

>
Example of RNP tool workflow

efi i g service req ireme ts
Creati g a pla / loa maps
Importi g/creati g a e iti g sites a cells
A plan usually includes parameter settings for the planned network elements such as: Digital map& its properties Target planning area propagation models Antenna models Selected radio access technology BTS types and site/cell templates Importi g meas reme ts
Site location,site ground height number of cells and antenna direction
Importi g/ ge erati g a refi i g traffic layers
i k loss calc latio
Propagatio mo el t i g
Traffic planning: Bearer service type and bit rate, average packet call size and retransmission rate, busy-hour traffic amount and traffic density for each service, mobile list and WCDMA calculation
WCDMA calc latio s
Propagation models: Macro cell---Okumura-Hata model Micro cell---Walfisch-Ikegami model
Analysis
To verify that the planned coverage, capacity and QoS criteria can be met with te current network deployment and parameter settings: Run L/DL iterations to calculate tx powers for MS and BS Snapshot analysis for interference and coverage estimation Optimizing dominance
A WCDMA cell template may include cell layer type,channel model,Tx/Rx diversity options,power settings, maximum acceptable load, propagation model,antenna infomation and cable losses
Q ality of ervice
Neig bo r cell generation
Cite/BTS hardware template may include: Maximum number of wideband signal processors Maximum number of channel units Noise figure Available Tx/Rx diversity types
reporting
WCDMA Radio Network Planning ---Detailed Planning(3)---U /D iteration steps

i ni t i al i z at i on Set ol dThr es hol ds t o t he def aul t / new c ov er age t hr es hol ds
I ni t i al i ze del t a_C I _ol d /
Al l ocat e t he C C pow s PI er
I f no conver gence
Chec k U l oadi ng and pos s i bl y m e ov M Ss t onew/ ot her c ar r i er or out age
C cul at e t he M sensi t i vi t i es al S
D er m ne t he S O connect i ons et i
Connec t M Ss t o bes t s er v er , c al c ul at e needed M Tx Power and S O gai ns S Cal c ul at e adj us t ed M Tx S power s , c hec k M Ss f or out age
U i t er at i on st ep
Cal c ul at e new I =I _ot h/ I _own
C heck C C c/ I o cal cul at e t he PI C I f or each connect i on / cal cul at e C I f or each M / S
Pos t pr oc es s i ng
U iteration steps
i t er at i on s t ep
conver genc e
Adj ust TX pow s of er C heck U and D br eak each r em ni ng l i nk ai cr i t er i a accor di ng t o del t a_C I / I f not f ul f i l l ed f ul f i l l ed
Post pr ocessi ng
ND
N D
ip
v al uat e U
br eak c r i t er i on
C cul at e i ni t i al TX pow s f or al l l i nks al er
C cul at e t ar get C I s al /
D iteration steps
Cal c ul at e new c ov er age t hr es hol ds
C cul at e t he r ecei ved Per ch l evel s and al det er m ne t he best ser ver i n D i
l obal i ni t i al i zat i on
U pdat e del t a_C I _ol d /
WCDMA Radio Network Planning ---Adjacent Channel Interference

>
Adjacent Channel Interference(ACI) situation

Adjacent Channel Leakage Power Ratio(ACLR)
the ratio of the transmitted power to the power measured in an adjacent channel the ratio of the receive filter attenuation on the assigned channel frequency to the receive filter attenuation on the adjacent channels The ratio of adjacent channel power received by the base station as adjacent Rx Rx channel interference power
t t
0d 0d
Adjacent Channel Selectivity(ACS)
Adjacent Channel Protection(ACP)
S sel ect i vi t y
w ed si gnal ant
Tx
Tx
N ode @r equency f
M l eakage S
f2
M AC R S
M AC R S
f f2
0d
0d
f2
UL adjacent channel interference situation
S ACP
S ACP
f f2
w ed si gnal ant
N ode @r equency2 f
WCDMA Radio Network Planning ---Adjacent Channel Interference

Tx 0d Tx 0d
S AC R
S l eakage
w ed si gnal ant
Rx 0d
Rx 0d
M sel ect i vi t y S
N ode @r equency f
M ACP S
M ACP S
>
Worst ACI cases---when a macro MS is coming too close to a micro BS
Minimum Coupling Loss(MCL)

the smallest path loss between the transmitters and receivers For a micro BS and MS, MCL is about 3dB For a macro BS and MS, MCL is about 70dB
f2
DL adjacent channel interference situation
S AC R
f f2 f f2
w ed si gnal ant
N ode @r equency2 f
f2
WCDMA Radio Network Planning --- xample of Worst ACI case

>
Worst ACI case when sites of different operators not co-located

O at or per M o C l acr el
For uplink scenario, with a maximum MS power of 21dBm, 3dB for MCL to the micro BS and coupoing between the carriers of C 32.7dB,the received level at the micro BS and be estimated as 21dBm 3dB 32 .7 dB ! 4 .7 dBm if the background noise level is dBm, the micro BS would suffer a 38.4 dB noise rise form one macro user, which is located in the radio sense at the MCL distance form the micro BS, i.e. such a macro user would completely block the micro BS. O at or 2 M cr o C l per i el
For downlink scenario, supposing the micro BS is transmitting with a minimum power of 0. W(27dBm) then the received interference at the MS in the adjacent channel is
27dBm 3dB( MCL) 32.7dB( ACS ) ! 8.7dBm
Assuming speech service (processing gain of p 2 dB) with an Eb/No requirement at the Ms of dB and an allowed noise rise in the macro cell of dB, the maximum allowed propagation loss Lp to keep the uplink connection working is if we further consider a DL Tx Eb/No requirement of 8dB, the transmit power would need to be
L p ! 21dBm dB 2 dB ( 103dBm 6dB ) ! 138dB

O at or 2 M cr o C l per i el er hi gh T pow
ptx ! 8.7dBm 8dB 2 dB 138dB ! 62.3dBm

si gnal si gnal
AC I
D ead Zone f or O at or per
This simple example shows that clearly in these cases the DL is the weaker link, i.e. before coming too close to a micro BS, the connection of a macro BS will be dropped due to insufficient DL power and it cannot block the micro BS.
O at or per Assuming ACS and ACLR of values 33dB and 4 dB M S respectively, the coupling C between the carriers can be calculated as: 33 / 10 O at or per M S M T pow ax. er
/ 10
AC I
C ! 10 log10 (10
104
) ! 32.7dB
WCDMA Radio Network Planning ---Optimization aspects( )

>
uidelines for Radio Network Planning to avoid ACI in multioperator environment
Base station and antenna locations

Co-locate BSs Deploy the antennas in a position as high as possible Optimum antenna beam-width desensitisation---increasing the noise figure
Base station configuration

Inter-frequency handovers Inter-system handovers Guard bands
WCDMA Radio Network Planning ---Optimization aspects(2)

>
Site locations and configurations

Antenna installations(cable losses) Optimum antenna tilting angle and correct antenna selection Optimum sectorisation regarding to number of users and SHO overhead.* Used in uplink direction to compensate for the cable losses Improved uplink coverage probability May have negative effect on downlink performance in case of downlinklimited scenario
>
Usage of mast head amplifier(MHA)**

* The impact of the base station sectorisation on WCDMA Radio Network Performance,A.Wacker,J. aiho-Steffens,K.Sipila,K. eiska,VTC99Amsterdam. ** The impact of the Radio Network Planning and Site Configuration on the WCDMA Network Capacity and Quality of Service,J. aiho-Steffens,A.Wacker, P.Aikio,VTC2000
WCDMA-GSM Co-Planning Issues

>
Examples of maximum path losses with existing GSM and WCDMA system
GSM / GSM 8 / WCDMA/ WCDMA/ WCDMA/ speech speech speech 1 kbps 84kbps Mobile t ansmission powe [dBm] eceive sensitivity[dBm] Inte fe ence ma gin[dB] ast fading ma gin[dB]

1
1 -11 1 -11 -1 4
1 -11
1 -11
Base station antenna gain[dBi]4 Body loss[dB]
18
18
18
18
Mobile antenna gain[dBi] elative gain f om lowe f e uency compa ed to UMTS f e uency[dB]7 Maxi u

11 164

1 154
path l ss[dB]
d
156
154
for 144kbps a 1.
150

for 3 4kbps
1 base station oise figure a WCDM se sitivity assuems . ata. SM se sitivity is assume to be -110dBm ith receive a te
Eb/ o of a diversity.
for 12.2kbps speech,1.
WCDM i terfere ce margi orresponds to 3 loadi g of the pole apacity.A i terfere ce margi of 1.0dB is reserved for SM 00 because the small amou t of spectrum i 900M z does ot allo large reuse factors. 3 The fast fadi g margi for WCDMA i cludes the macro diversity gai agai st fast fadi g. a gai assumes three-sector onfiguration i both SM a d WCDMA. he the termi al is lose to the user's head.
The body loss accou ts for the loss A 2.0dBi a te
a gai is assumed for the data termi al.
The atte uation i 900M z is assumed to be 11.0dB lo er tha i
MTS ba d a d i
SM1800 ba d 1.0dB lo er tha i
MTS ba d.
4 The ate
WCDMA-GSM Co-Planning Issues---interference issues

>
Interference between the two system is the main issue
Radio frequency issue

Second harmonics of GSM900 could probably fall into WCDMA uplink band Third-order inter-modulation products of PCS 1800 could be problematic
Second-order harmonic distortion from GSM900 falling into WCDMA band
f GSM
0~ 0M z H
G SM 00 ~ 0M z H
TA TA D D TD 1 20~1 80 D
1 00~1 20M z H
WCDMA-GSM Co-Planning Issues ---interference issues
Interference mechanisms from GSM system to WCDMA system
Adjacent Channel Interference(ACI):depends on Tx/Rx filter and spatial and spectral distance between the own and adjacent carrier,the cell type and the power levels used. Wideband Noise(WB):from all out-of-band emission components. Cross-modulation(XMD): depends on non-linearity of the MS receiver,the duplex isolation and the transmitting mobile power. XMD is proportional to Inter-Modulation Distortion(IMD):caused by non-linearities of RF the square of components of transmitter or receiver. transmitting
W A BS CDM
i W em ssi on f r om G SM S
G BS SM
C ossm r odul at i on D ( M)
power and very sensitive to the Tx power of the MS!
Typically in micro-cells and could be reduced by guard band.
AC f r om I G SM S
Third-order IMD with mixture of products of the GSM carrier frequencies f1 and f2: 2f1-f2 or 2f2-f1
I M at t he D WD A M CM S
AC t o W D A S I CM
Aval at e t he q al i t y of t he exi st i ng 2 net w k or
o-Planning Iss es
Antenna sharing and co-located sites could be preferable.
pace avai l a l e f or onet o- one r e se
Ass r e t he cover age f or A ser vi ces al l
r an ar ea
ef i ne t r af f i c di st r i t i on r l es et w een syst em s
r r al ar ea
A
ef i ne handover r l es et w een syst em s
A Handover WCDMA-GSM for coverage extension
R n com i ned 2 and A anal ysi s
Handover GSM WCDMA for capacity extension or service optimization
Co-existing TDD & FDD modes ---UTRA TDD mode

>
Some key parameters for the UTRA FDD and TDD modes
UTRA FDD 15 lot /fra e 10 . c ~512 UTRA TDD 15 lot /fra e 10 . c 1~16 1 or 2 1~ 16 1~16 QPSK thereticall u to 00H in ractice, onl 100H in DL and 100H or o i l 200H in UL har onl low and fa t su ort for joint detection
Fr me s ruc ure Fr me len h Ch p r e Uplin spre din f c ors Number of p r llel UL codes per user Downlin spre din f c ors Number of p r llel DL codes per user odul ion
Rather low spreading factors makes it inadequate to reuse all the timeslots in all the cells.That is,network must control which slots and directions are used in which cells.
4~512 1~6 QPSK
Not as fast as to follow fast fading pattern!
Power con rol upd e r e H ndover D n mic ch nnel lloc ion n r -cell in erference c ncell ion
1500H oft and har N/A u ort for advanced receivers at ase station
Co-existing TDD & FDD modes--- xample of TDD R uplink/downlink

Voice Voice NRT ata NRT ata E a pl TDD link bud t V ice NRT data Exam le DD li k et or 12.2kb s 12.2kb s 128kb s 128kb s 12.2kbp 128kbp d nlink(N TxD) No RxD RxD No RxD li k(RxD receive iversity) RxD T an itt ( bil ) Tra smitter(mobile) Max.Tx P (dB ) 24 24 Max.Tx ower(d m) 2 2 2 2 MS a te a ai (d i) 2 2 2 2 B ant nna gain(dBi) 4 4 ody loss(d ) 3 3 0 0 in B (dB) Cabl l 20 20 26 26 EIR (d m) E RP(dB ) 28 28 Receiver(base statio ) Recei er( bile) N mber of sed slots i TDD T ermal oise de sity(d m/Hz) -17 -17 -17 -17 1 1 Nu ber u ed l t in TDD ase statio receiver oise Thermal n i e den ity(dBm/Hz) -174 -174 fig re(d ) 5 5 5 5 M bile tati n recei er n i e Dese sitisatio 0 0 0 0 Wfigure(dB) _ in _ slot midamble guard _ period k chips GP ! Receiver oise de sity 1 RRecei er n i e den ity(dBm/Hz) _ slot -1 chips _ in -1 (d m/Hz) -16 -16 -16 -16 Recei er n i e p er(dBm) - .1 - .1 Receiver oise ower(d m) -103.2 -103.2 -103.2 -103.2 Interference margin(d ) nterference margin(dB) 8 8 Receiver interference Recei er interference p er(dBm) ower(d m) -95.9 -95.9 -95.9 -95.9 - 1. - 1. Greatereffecti e difference Eb/No n i e T tal Total effective noise between with or without RxD! +interference(dBm) - 1.1 - 1.1 +interference(d m) -95.2 -95.2 -95.2 -95.2 rocessing gain(d ) 12 12 2. 2. Processing gain(dB) 12 2.4 Req ired Eb/No(d ) 1.7 .6 0.3 6. Required Eb/No(dB) .4 .7 Receiver sensitivity(d m) -105.5 -98.6 -97.3 -91.2 Recei er sensiti ity(dBm) - .7 -8 .8 S antenna gain(d i) Mobile antenna gain(dBi) 2 2 Cable loss in t e base Smaller Max path loss than that 0 0 0 0 station(d ) Body loss(dB) 0 of FDD scenario TDD cells Fast fading margin Fast fading margin have smaller radius! (T C eadroom) (d ) 6.3 6.3 3. 3. (TPC headroom) (dB) 5.5 .1 Max. at loss(d ) 123.2 116.3 123.9 117.8 Max.path loss(dB) 115.2 11 .7 All rights reserved 2004 Presentation Title 52
Co-existing TDD & FDD modes--- TDD/TDD interference

> >
Interference scenarios TDD-TDD Interference scenarios/solutions
MS to MS interference---when MS is transmitting while MS2 is

receiving, especially at cell borders. Cannot be avoided by network planning,but may benefit from DCA and radio resource management Power control
S to S interference---when S is transmitting while S2 is receiving

depends heavily on S locations. Could be avoided by providing sufficient coupling loss between base stations Ss better be synchronized and of same asymmetry.
Co-existing TDD & FDD modes --- TDD/FDD interference

>
TDD-FDD Interference scenarios/solutions

U A TD TR D U A FD / U TR D Tx/ R x
U A TR TD D Tx/ R x
Interference mainly between TDD and FDD/UL frequency bands!
Sat ellite
900
920
980
20 0
2025 ( M z)
TDD MS to FDD BS

To make FDD/BS less sensitive,especially for small pico cells To place BS antenna as high as possible from TDD MSs Inter-frequency or inter-system may be helpful Use downlink power control of TDD BS to compensate for the interference from FDD MS Inter-system/inter-frequency handover
FDD MS to TDD BS
FDD MS to TDD MS

Co-existing TDD & FDD modes

>
UTRA TDD

Advantage in the unpaired spectrum operation Better utilized for asymmetric service at high data rate Can build stand-alone wide-area TDD network(?) or serve as a separate capacity-enhancing layer in the network Lower Max. Path loss compared with FDD scenario Lower cell breathing and thus more stable service coverage Requires strict synchronization especially in uplink Low-rate services often goes to code-limited cases while high-rate services goes to interference-limited cases
From the service point of view, UTRA TDD is most suited for small cells and high data rate services!
Thanks!

Wcdmaradionetworkplanningandoptimization 100126064818 Phpapp02

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Wcdmaradionetworkplanningandoptimization 100126064818 Phpapp02

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

WCDMA Radio Network Planning and Optimization

All rights reserved 2004

All rights reserved 2004

WCDMA Network infrastructure

All rights reserved 2004

WCDMA Radio Interface protocol architecture

R o R adi esour ce C r ol ont u l a er ( R C R)

Logi cal C hannel s

M a Access C r ol edi ont

All rights reserved 2004

Mapping between Trch and P Y channels

Primary Common Control Physical Channel (P-CCPCH)

All rights reserved 2004

Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (S-CCPCH)

U ser dat a t r ansm ssi on, i SC SC PC D , D , S- D , C . . . C

WCDMA link level indicators

(Eb/No) divided by processing gain

All rights reserved 2004

Information bit error rate User information bit rate

error rate alculated or the transport blocks

WCDMA Radio Network Planning--- xample of link budget analysis

RF link budget components:

All rights reserved 2004

WCDMA Radio Network Planning--- xample of link budget analysis

-174 5 -169 -103.2 3 -103.2 -100.2 25 5 -120.2 18

e f g=e+f h=g+10*log(3840000) I j=10*log(10^((h+i)/10)-10^(h/10)) k=10*log(10^(h/10)+10^(j/10)) l=10*log(3840/12.2) m n=m-l+k o

Max_path_loss=Ptx_EIRP - Prx_receiver_sensitivity - Lrx_cable + Grx_antenna

r m f r m il st ti t l sed l p f s t p applies especially t sl -m m iles.Typical al es are . m ing m iles(*)

uston,Texas,May 999 pp. 266- 270

Allowed_propagation_loss =Max_path_loss - Log_normal_fading_margin + soft_handover_margin - in_car_loss

1 0 0 $ ' & ) (" ' &  " % & "" "  !

t mi t i er tr l. This i pedestrian -5. d f r sl -

RADIO R SOURC UTI IZATION

Basic RRM functions

Radio Resource Management

To ensure that the network stays within the planned condition

Packet data scheduling

RADIO R SOURC UTI IZATION---power control( )

UMTS Power Control(PC) summary

All rights reserved 2004

RADIO R SOURC UTI IZATION---power control(2)

Uplink/Downlink inner- and outer- loop power control

MDC and splitting

All rights reserved 2004

UL outer loop PC SIR_step f(BLER or BER) SIR target management

RADIO R SOURC UTI IZATION---handover control

Soft-Handover:Example of Soft Handover Algorithm

Event 1A: A P-CPICH enters the reporting range

N u W 10 log10 M i  (1  W ) 10 log10 M Best  ( R1a  H 1a 2) i !1

M o D ver si t y acr i com ni ng bi

N 10 log10 M old e W 10 log10 M i  (1  W ) 10 log10 M Best  ( R1b  H 1b 2) i !1

As_ ep_ yst

All rights reserved 2004

Event 1A Add ell 2

Event 1 Replace ell 1 ith ell

Event 1 Remove ell

Event 1B: A P-CPICH leaves the reporting range

RADIO R SOURC UTI IZATION---PC and S O conclusion

All rights reserved 2004

RADIO R SOURC UTI IZATION---congestion control

Air interface load definition(load control principles)

Uplink Wideband power-based uplink loading

e f g=e+f h=g+10log(3840000) I j=10log(10^((h+i)/10)-10^(h/10)) k=10log(10^(h/10)+10^(j/10)) l=10log(3840/12.2) m n=m-l+k o

1 0 0 $ ' & ) (" ' & " % & "" " !

N u W 10 log10 M i (1 W ) 10 log10 M Best ( R1a H 1a 2) i !1

N 10 log10 M old e W 10 log10 M i (1 W ) 10 log10 M Best ( R1b H 1b 2) i !1

I o n I oth where PrxTotal

PrxNC (I e PrxT arg et