F R G P

Poster Presentations

What is a poster?

http://www.asm.org/mtgsrc/pdfs/slide.pdf

What is a poster meant to do?

     
provide a brief overview of your work initiate discussion attract attention stand alone let people know of your particular expertise provide a place to set your handouts

http://courses.washington.edu/~hs590a/modules/19/ppposter.html

Why posters?
 Used increasingly at conferences  Highly suitable for new researchers or work in
progress

 Displayed for duration of conference  Interest value!  Art

a good poster is an art form

learning.lse.ac.uk/studyskills/ PhDWeek2005/PosterPresentations.ppt

Getting your poster accepted

 At small events, may be informal.  For major conferences, you will need to
submit a proposal.

 Read the criteria for selection carefully and

follow them.

 See examples 1* and 2* of proposal

guidelines.

Is there a format?
Similar to a paper presentation in your discipline, eg.

For science research should typically include: Abstract, introduction, methods, results and conclusion/discussion.

Examples of Layouts: 1

The Abstract:

 brief synopsis of the entire work  one or two paragraphs  should contain the following elements:

(1) the purpose of the study, (2) a brief statement of what you did, (3) a concise statement of the major findings, (4) the major conclusions.

Do not include details of the methods.

Examples of Layouts: 2

http://www.aas.duke.edu/trinity/research/vt/postertips.html

Examples of Layouts: 3

Examples of Layouts: 4

The Title

The parts: 1

 Minimum number of words possible  The title banner should be readable from
15 - 20 feet away.  Title Case (NOT UPPER CASE)  Beware of Word Art, ie.

Using powerpoint for posters

Your Canvas

See the handout Creating Posters in Powerpoint

Visual representation: 1
 1 clear flow of information

Clear Representation
 Tell a story for the viewer with a clear flow of
information.

 For science research should typically include:

 Abstract, introduction, methods, results

and conclusion/discussion
 Focus selectively on your major findings- don t try
to cover too much

 Remember, follow conference guidelines

Visual representation 2
include

Sketch out your poster

Choose your Colour Scheme

 Use a light colour background and dark
letters for contrast.  Avoid dark background with light letters tiring to read.  Stick to a theme of 2-3 colours.  Consider people who have problems differentiating colours, eg red-green colour-blindness.

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MASLOWS S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS

Fill in your title and headings

Using templates

Examples for comment

geology.about.com/library/bl/blposters_2.htm

geology.about.com/library/bl/blposters_2.htm

Investigations into tablet dissolution in a paddle type apparatus

Mr. Niall McMahon, School of Computing, Dublin City University Dr. Martin Crane, School of Computing, Dublin City University Prof. Heather Ruskin, School of Computing, Dublin City University Prof. Lawrence Crane, School of Mathematics, Trinity College Dublin

Introduction - What are we doing?

We are modelling a tablet dissolving in a well-defined in-vitro environment (specifically, we are estimating the mass transfer rate).

Why this type of tablet?

1. Although relatively simple compared with "real" drug delivery systems, a successful model of this tablet would demonstrate the possibility of accurately simulating drug dissolution. It would give us reason to believe that we can potentially model more complex systems. 2. Previous studies indicate that accurately predicting the surface area change (with time) for this type of system may ultimately lead to better models for multicomponent systems [1].

Results - Where are we now?

We are currently considering the multi-layered configuration as well as our recent results for the trivial case of a single layered tablet (that is a tablet consisting purely of drug).

Conclusions
The good agreement between this finite difference scheme and the other methods for the trivial case indicates that the scheme is behaving as expected. This is encouraging and we are currently extending the model to describe dissolution from a multilayered tablet.

Tablet
Simple compressed system consisting of alternating layers of drug (salicylic acid) and excipient* (benzoic acid). Fig. 1: Multi-layered tablet

Single layered tablet results

For a given set of input parameters, the finite difference mass flux value, calculated as outlined above, and the exact Lvque estimate agree to within 0.1 %. This close match is demonstrated by the concentration profiles shown in figure 4.

Future Work - Where to next?

Environment
Nominally a USP 24 type 2 paddle dissolution apparatus, with the tablet positioned 3mm above the bottom.

3. It was used in associated studies. This allows us to compare their results with ours.

1.0 Dimensionless Concentration 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 Normal Distance from Tablet Surface / cm
Finite Difference

Approach - How are we doing this?

To simulate mass transfer, the time dependent diffusion-advection equation is used with simplifying assumptions.

Lvque

In the short term we hope to build a simple multilayered model and compare the results with previous work. In the medium to long term we will consider more realistic systems. Real dissolution systems (those in therapeutic use) have moving boundaries (as the drugs and excipients dissolve) and often the drug is dispersed through a matrix of excipient. Some real systems also use new polymer technologies to protect and deliver the drug. Simulating these systems will almost certainly require the use of alternative mathematical techniques. We look forward to these challenges.

Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the Irish National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology (NICB) for supporting this work and Anne-Marie Healy in the School of Pharmacy at Trinity College Dublin who produced the experimental data mentioned in this poster.

Fig. 2: Paddle dissolution apparatus

Fig. 3: Simplified diffusion-advection equation For example, the diffusion is considered to be two-dimensional, steady state and from a flat plate rather than a cylinder. The equation is discretised using an explicit Forward Time Central Space (FTCS) finite difference scheme with initial values provided by the exact Lvque solution (cited by Schlichting [2]). The important results are the drug mass fluxes and transfer rates. Fig. 4: A comparison of drug concentration profiles at the trailing edge of the tablet Our estimate has a relative error of 0.9 % with respect to a semi-analytical (Pohlhausen type) solution proposed by Crane et al. [1] Mass fluxes computed by Crane et al. agree well with experimental data for both single layered (that is a tablet consisting purely of drug) and multi-layered tablets.

Why are we doing this?

We want to explore the mathematics of drug dissolution and build effective simulations! The potential benefits of mathematical simulation are as unlimited as imagination allows. An ideal simulation could reduce the need for experiment in the design of drug delivery systems, cutting associated costs. *excipients are inert substances that together with the drug form a tablet

References
1. Crane, M. Crane, L. Healy, A. M. Corrigan, O.I. Gallagher, K.M. McCarthy L.G. 2003. A Pohlhausen Solution for the Mass Flux From a Multi-layered Compact in the USP Drug Dissolution Apparatus. Submitted to Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory, Elsevier, 2003. 2. Schlichting, H. 1979. Boundary-Layer Theory 7th Edition. New York ; London [etc.] : McGraw-Hill. Chap. XII p285 eqn. (12.51c). and p291 eqn. (12.60). Note: it seems there is a square root missing in the denominator of equation (12.60) in this edition.

www . google . com + Niall McMahon + Search email: nmcmahon@computing.dcu.ie