PHYSICS QUESTIONSsingle phase and three (a) List the merits and demerits of

phase generators. (b) With the aid of sketches or otherwise describe the effect tube current and KVP on the form of X-ray spectrum. (c) What is meant by (i) Anode a angle? (ii) Focal spot size? (iii)Effective focal spot size?. (d) What is the relationship between (i),(ii) and (iii) above. (e) The actual anode focal spot size of a 20 degree anode is 4mm.Calculate the effective focal spot?

(a)
Merits f si le ase e erat r:y Moderate s ly ower req ire e t as compared to 3 phase e erator. y Heat capacity is although varia le, ut is a out 35% lesser tha i 3-phase equipme t. y Used i x-ray tube of less a ode speed (3 rpm). y apital cost is lesser tha i 3- phase ge erator

Demerits of single phase generator

y Operati g cost is higher tha i 3 phase

machi e y ess quality a d qua tity of -rays are produced y 100% voltage ripples are produced. y onger exposure time is required(8ms)

Merits of three phase generator

y Operating cost is lower as compared to single phase. y roduces good x-ray quantity and quality at about 25-

50% higher than single phase x-equipment. y oltage ripples is about 15% lesser than what obtains in single phase equipment. y Minimum exposure time of 1 ms is used. y Usually powers target anode with the speed of 10,000rpm.

Demerits of three phase generator

y It requires high power supply. y It has higher capital cost. y It has up to about 35% higher heat capacity than single

phase equipment. y Difficult to install y Occupy more floor space y Have large amount of bul y hardware and electronics

y X-ray the plot of number of (B) spectrum isX-rays against their different x-ray bremsstrahlung y

y y y

energies. NB-It is good to note that bremsstrahlung process forms a continuous X-ray spectrum and more low energy x rays than high energy X-rays are produced. max(max x-ray energy produced by bremss. process) ds is equal to the energy of the projectile electrons. In bremsstrahlung process,majority of x-ray produced have an ave. X-ray energy of app 1/3 max. nergy of each x-ray is measured in ev hile the voltage applied to xray tube is p.

Effect of tube current and kvp on Xray spectrum.

y The energy of the projectile electrons( max) is

determined by voltage applied to the x tube(measured in p).i.e vp=Emax. i.e if a 90kvp is applied to an xray tube then the max x-ray energy will be 90kev. ve xray energy will be 1/3(90)=30 kev. y Therefore, increase in kVp will increase Emax , E ave and the intensity(area under d graph) of the x-ray beam with right shift of the continuous wave spectral.In turn the x-ray beam quality and quantity are increased.

Cont d
y Changes in tube current(mA) change the

intensity(quantity) of the x ray beam i.e increase in mA ,increases x-ray beam quantity but Emax and Eave remains unchanged. i.e the area under the continuous wave increases with increase in 100mA to 200mA for example. y NB- Both kVp & mA does not change xteristic x-ray energy. y Other factors that influences X-ray spectrum are type of anode material, filtration and X-ray circuit wave form.

(C)
y (i) Anode angle :-This is the angle formed between the central ray of the x-ray beam and target surface. Also known as target angle. This is generally between 7-20 degree for production of diagnostic x-rays. y (ii) Focal spot size(Actual focal spot size) :- This is the area of the anode target that is struck by projectile electrons. It is determined by filament size and focusing cup. y (ii) Effective focal spot size (Effective target area):- This is the area of the target that is projected unto the patient and the film or the dimension of x ray source as viewed from the image.

(D) What is the relationship btw (i),(ii) & (iii)

y Sine = EFS/AFS y By angling the anode target one makes the effective

focal spot smaller than the actual focal spot(actual area of electron interaction).

Cont d
y Ds above design of the target anode is refer to as LINE

FOCUS PRINCIPLE. It permits larger heat loading while minimizing the apparent size of the focal spot(foreshortening) by orientating the anode at a small angle to the direction of x-ray beam.T y The lower the anode angle( i.e the steeper ) the smaller the effective focal spot (i.e the greater the foreshortening).

Cont d
y So, the same effective focal spot size (1x1mm2) can be

produced by target angle at 18 degree with actual focal spot of 3.2x 1mm2 and target angle of 12degree with actual fs of .8x1mm2. y Steeper target angle can be used to increase the target heat rating for a given effective fs or to reduce Eff. Focal spot for a given target heat rating. y This explain that line focus effect simultaneously provides the sharpness of image of a small focal spot and heat accommodation of the a large focal spot.

Cont d
y Steeper target are appropriate in mammography and

cardiac angiography cos steeper target produces small Eff. Focal spot which in turn produces narrow beam of x-ray ,relative smaller field view and fine details. hile in general radiography, large films and a shallow(larger angle are needed). y Typical focal spot size- mammograph0.3mm,magnification radiography-0.1mm,general radiography- 0.6-1.2mm, fluoroscopy- 0.6mm and CT scanning - 0.6-1.0mm

(E)
y Target angle is 20 degree y Actual focal spot(AFS) size is mm y Eff.focal spot(EFS)= AFS x sine 20o y EFS=4X 0.342= 1.4mm.

THANK U

yFOR

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